England

Contents

Cornwall Towns and Parishes

Information related to all of Cornwall

CORNWALL

"Cornwall - maritime County of England, forming its SW extremity; is bounded by Devon on the East, and washed on all the other sides by the sea; length, NE and SW, 75 miles; average breadth, 22 miles; coast line, about 200 miles; area, 863,065 acres, population 330,686. The South coast is much and deeply indented, and has some good harbours. The principal openings from West to East are Mounts Bay, Falmouth Bay and Harbour, St Austell Bay, Fowey Harbour, Whitsand Bay, and Plymouth Sound. Falmouth is one of the finest harbours in Britain. The indentations on the North consist of shallow bays with few or no harbours. The chief promontories are Land's End, where the granite cliffs are about 60 ft. high; and the Lizard, the most southerly point of England. The Isles of Scilly lie off Land's End, 25 miles to the SW. The Devonian range extends NE and SW, rising in Brown Willy to an altitude of 1368 feet.  The streams are numerous, but small. The principal are the Tamar (which forms the boundary with Devon), Lyhner, Fowey, and Camel. There is much barren moorland, but the soil in the valleys is fertile. The prevailing rock is granite, of a grey or bluish-grey colour, which often rises above the surface in huge, rugged masses; clay slate also abounds. The tin and copper mines of Cornwall have been celebrated from remote ages, having been known, it is supposed, to the Phoenicians. Some of them are of very great depth, and have been carried beneath the sea. Silver, lead, zinc, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are also found in considerable quantities. The fisheries, especially of pilchard and mackerel, are extensive and valuable. The county comprises 9 Hundreds, plus the Isles of Scilly, 219 parishes, the parliamentary borough of Penryn and Falmouth (1 member), and the municipal boroughs of Bodmin, Falmouth, Helston, Launceston, Liskeard, Penryn, Penzance, St Ives, and Truro. It is entirely in the diocese of Truro."
From Bartholomew's Gazetteer 1887.

Cornwall is watered by six principal rivers: the Tamar, Lynher, Fowey, Camel (or Alan), Fal and Hayle. There are numerous minor rivers and streams in the county which serve to drain the land.

INFORMATION RELATED TO ALL OF CORNWALL

Archives & Libraries Bibliography Cemeteries Census Chronology Church History Church Records Civil Registration Correctional Institutions Court Records Description & Travel Directories Emigration & Immigration Encyclopedias & Dictionaries Folklore Gazetteer Genealogy Handwriting Heraldry History Historical Geography Jewish History Land & Property Language & Languages

Manors Maps Medical Records Merchant Marine Military History Military Records Names, Geographical Names, Personal Newspapers Nobility Occupations Officials & Employees Periodicals Politics & Government Poorhouses, Poorlaw, etc. Population Probate Records Public Records Religion & Religious Life Schools Social Life & Customs Societies Statistics Visitations, Heraldic

Archives & Libraries

• Cornwall - Archives and Libraries - links and information.

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Bibliography

• The Archive CD Books website has a growing list of CDs on Cornwall available.
• Books, Theses and Papers on Cornish Mining History.

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Cemeteries

Most records for cemeteries are held by the Local District Council, NOT the Cornwall Record Office. There are few monumental inscriptions (MIs) in existance (comparatively speaking) that are dated before 1800 and only about 30% of graves had stones. In Cornwall since about 1950 cremation has been an increasing alternative for burials but this has been an option in England since about 1930.

The Cornwall Family History Society has a name index to monumental inscriptions from many Cornish churchyards. This is computer-based in order to provide a search service. The CFHS has transcribed over 90% of Cornish parish churchyards. There are a large number of non-parish burials grounds and, whilst many of these have not been covered, the CFHS have set up a project to identify those missing and transcribe and data enter the information from them. Some Burial Grounds contain data from as early as 1259, with many starting in the 1600's. the details are available on-line.

The Cornish Cemeteries project began with an effort to provide on-line access, in the form of one index, to the work of Suezan James (now Elliott). During 1998-99 Suezan transcribed the details on headstones in a number of cemeteries in the West Penwith area of Cornwall. An estimated 20,000 inscriptions were transcribed by the end of 2001, although the number of deaths recorded is significantly higher when it is considered that there are often three or more individuals included on a single headstone. This work continues.

See also:

• Memorial inscriptions of the Cornish people, both in Cornwall and outside the UK are gradually being collected by the Cornwall Inscriptions Project. It is estimated that the names of over half a million people are recorded on memorials within the county of Cornwall. The great Cornish Diaspora does also mean that the activities and resting place of numerous Cornishmen and women may be found on memorials throughout the world. The final objective of the Cornwall Inscriptions Project is to create and publish an archive of all these Cornish memorials.
• Jon Reese's Website for Cornish Memorial Inscriptions.
• Cornish War Memorials Inscriptions are also available on-line as follows:
  • Penwith parishes.
  • Kerrier parishes.
  • The United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials, covers Cornwall.
  • The UK Department of Trade and Industry have a website of war memorials dedications of its personnel who were killed, listed.
• The National Maritime Museum have a website commemorating seafarers and victims of maritime disasters. The memorial database contains records of over 4000 church, cemetery and public memorials to these victims of maritime disasters. The site is searchable by surname.
• A list of burials from the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry at Zillebeke, Belgium in 1915 is available on-line.
• The National Archive of Memorial Inscriptions (NAOMI) is a site containing memorial inscriptions. At present, the site has relatively few entries but more are being added all the time, so it may be useful to check back frequently.

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Census

• Cornwall - Census - links and information.

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Chronology

• Brian Pears has provided a list of the dates of Easter Sunday for the years 1550-2049 with a perpetual calendar for each year.
• The GenFair website includes a most informative paper entitled: Old and New Style Dates and the Change to the Gregorian Calendar.
• For conversions between the Gregorian and Julian calendars see Steven Gibbs' Roman Numeral and Date Conversion page.
• Bob Sanders has provided Chronologies of British History:-
  • Up to 1500 AD
  • 1500 to 1899
  • 1900 to date
• The Albion College (Michigan) website has several pages relating to the English Calendar including a useful Regnal Year Calculator.
• There is an On-line Calendar of Saints Days produced by Glenn Gunhouse.

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Church History

• Cornwall - Church History - links and information.

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Church Records

• Cornwall - Church Records - links and information.

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Civil Registration

• Cornwall - Civil Registration - links and information.

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Correctional Institutions

• In the UK, Prison records are closed for 100 years.
• The main prison for Cornwall was located at Bodmin. The first Bodmin Gaol was built in 1779, and the execution of condemned men took place in a number of different places, since that time (not as is widely believed) exclusively within the confines of the Gaol itself. A list of Executions at Bodmin is available on line.
• Old Prison records are located in the Cornwall Record Office.
• There is a mailing list which discusses Convicts in Cornwall. To join, follow the detail under mailing lists in Genealogy, but substitution the address: ENG-CORNWALL-CONVICTS-D-request@rootsweb.com.

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Court Records

• A Dictionary with thousands of definitions & explanations of legal terms, phrases & concepts is available on-line.
• Freeholders' Lists (also called Jurors' Lists). From 1696, rural vestries and urban corporations had to send to the Clerk of the Peace for their county, lists of the people within their jurisdictions who were eligible for jury service. These were men between the ages of 21 and 70 who owned freeholds worth at least 40 shillings per year. They were listed under the parishes in which they lived, but if their qualifying property was in another parish this was sometimes also stated. The annual value of their freeholds might be noted too, together with the owner's rank or occupation.
  In 1825 the upper age of eligibility was reduced to 60, and the qualification revised to freeholds worth £10 per year; leaseholds for 21 years or more worth £20, rateability as householder at £20 (£30 in Middlesex), or occupation of a house with fifteen or more windows. At the same time the list of exempt occupations was extended. From 1832, freeholders' addresses were given on the lists, and the qualifying property specified. The freeholders' lists provide a very useful location record for tracing the whereabouts of a family, and to some extent for establishing its economic status. The records are housed among the Quarter Sessions papers at the Cornwall Record Office.
  In 1873 a Return of Owners of Land was published, covering the whole country.(Fitzhugh's Dictionary of Genealogy). That for Cornwall is available from Archive CD Books.
• Quarter Session Records are available by surname by selecting the 'Cornwall Record Office' option. Try typing in the name of the parish you are interested in, you can get a fascinating insight of life in the Parish. Those who may be responsible for the care of paupers are shown. Alleged fathers appealing against bastardy orders, neighbours involved in disputes. Names of Jurors, witnesses, etc. appearing at the quarter sessions are listed.
• The Harvard School of Law contains a searchable collection of Chancery writs relating to Cornwall. This collection of writs praecipe issued in Chancery, with other related documents, including some writs capias issued during the reigns of the later Stuart monarchs. These are not the charters issued to, and returned by the county sheriffs, but rather the unsealed copies kept in Chancery.
• An Index to Cornwall Archdeaconry Court Records is available on-line. These include Defamations Records 1742 to 1827, Defamations Records 1729 to 1842, Defamations Records 1730 to 1837, Defamations Records 1722 to 1837, Divorce & Alimony Records 1737 to 1789, Marriage Contracts Records 1739 to 1750, Church Rates Records 1672 to 1835.
• Some Cornish Court Depositions are found in miscellaneous Cornish Records, giving names, residence, occupation and ages of various persons.
• The findmypast.com website is a pay-per-view site which provides, inter alia, a number of useful databases:
  • Index to Divorce and Matrimonial Causes 1858 - 1903.
  • Index to Death Duty Registers 1796 - 1903.
  You can register and search by surname for free.
• The proceedings of the Old Bailey 1674 to 1834 is a fully searchable online edition of the largest body of texts detailing the lives of non-elite people ever published, containing accounts of over 100,000 criminal trials held at London's central criminal court.
• Coroners' Inquests. The Courtney Library in Truro have an index of Coroners Inquests in Cornwall compiled by one of their volunteers from the newspaper archives. The Email address of the librarian, Angela Broome, is: RIC@royalcornwallmuseum.org.uk.
• Mailing Lists for Criminal Matters. There is a mailing list for genealogical matters to do with people who were convicted criminals in Cornwall. To join or leave a list, send an email to: eng-cornwall-criminals-l@rootsweb.com with the single word 'subscribe' or unsubscribe (as appropriate) in the text. The subscribing/unsubscribing (joining/leaving) process is entirely automatic. It should be realised that there isn't any person involved in adding or subtracting list members, so such messages should not be sent to the mailing list itself; they will not be actioned.
• Some other resources available include:
  • Tamblin, Stuart (transcr.). Criminal Register Indexes (PRO HO 27), Vol. 2: Devon & Cornwall (1805-16),
    Available from: Family History Indexes, 14 Copper Leaf Close, Moulton, Northampton (2000). [Diskette and microfiche].
  • Tamblin, Stuart (transcr.). Criminal Register Indexes (PRO HO 27), Vol. CDP1: Devon, Cornwall, Somerset & Dorset (1805-16),
    Available from: Family History Indexes, 14 Copper Leaf Close, Moulton, Northampton (2001). [CD]

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Description & Travel

• Cornwall is the most South Westerly part of the United Kingdom. It has only one land border, that with the County of Devon, to the East. This eastern boundary is marked for almost all its length by the River Tamar. The rest of Cornwall is surrounded by sea. This makes Cornwall a peninsula and were it not for the short piece of land north of the Tamar, some say it would be an island. Cornwall is actually a Duchy and the Duke of Cornwall is the Monarch's eldest son, currently His Royal Highness Prince Charles. The population of Cornwall has changed over the last 200 years, in 1801 it was 192,281 rising to a peak of 369,390 in 1861 it then fell back slightly although it now stands at around 500,000. (This increase is largely due to a high number of retired people moving into the county). Until the end of the eighteenth century the ancient Celtic language of Cornish was spoken here, it is currently undergoing a revival and the ancient name of Cornwall "Kernow" can be seen at the roadside when crossing the 'Border' from 'England'. Cornwall is 80 miles long from the Devon border to Land's End. At its widest it is about 45 miles wide and averages about 24 miles wide with the narrowest point between St Ives and Mount's Bay being a mere 7 miles wide. About 30 miles to the South West of Land's End lie the Isles of Scilly, which do not actually form part of Cornwall. The landscape is varied with large outcrops of granite rock and granite hills, such as Bodmin Moor in the East. The Administrative Capital  is the City of Truro, lying just to the west of the centre of Cornwall. The main industry was formerly tin mining, but with the fall in tin prices the last mine, at South Crofty at Pool in Camborne, closed in 1998. Businessmen are now in the process of buying the mine so mining is once again may continue in Cornwall and there will only have been a short gap in its history. Other industries vary from the extraction and export of China Clay from near St Austell to the export of spring flowers from the west. The main industry is probably the tourist industry with many visitors coming to the area between Easter and late Autumn. (David Holman 2001 )
• ePodunk's Cornwall page - providing general, plus some historical and genealogical information, about Cornwall and its parishes, together with links (mainly relating to general sites and services, rather than ones that are specific to Cornwall or particular parishes).
• Photographs of places in Cornwall are available. These can be accessed from an alphabetical list.
• The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect a geographically representative photograph for every square kilometre of the British Isles. Photographs of places in Cornwall are available.
• Other descriptions and views of Cornish towns and villages are available:
  • Cornwall Cam - current pictures and views of Cornwall
  • Cornwall County Council.
  • Cornwall On-Line.
  • Cornwall GenWeb.
  • A vision of Britain between 1801 and 2001, including maps, statistical trends and historical descriptions, is available on-line from the University of Portsmouth.

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Directories

• Other Directories for Cornwall are available from Archive CD Books.
• Kelly's 1873 Directory of Cornwall is also available on-line.
• Historical Directories relating to Cornwall are available on-line from the University of Leicester. Those relating to the whole county include:
  • Bailey's Directory of Merchants & Tradesmen in Cornwall 1783.
  • Pigot's Directory of Cornwall 1830.
  • Pigot & Co.'s National and Commercial Directory of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cornwall, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, Oxfordshire, Somersetshire and Wiltshire - June 1844.
  • Slater's National & Commercial Directory of Berkshire, Cornwall, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Somersetshire, Wiltshire and South Wales 1852-53.
  • Post Office Directory of Cornwall - 1856.
  • Post Office Directory of Cornwall 1873.
  • Kelly's Directory of Cornwall 1883.
  • Kelly's Directory of Cornwall 1889.
  • Kelly's Directory of Devon & Cornwall 1893 - Part 3 Cornwall.
  • Kelly's Directory of Cornwall 1897.
  • Kelly's Directory of Devonshire & Cornwall 1902 - Part 2 Cornwall.
  • Kelly's Directory of Cornwall 1906.
  • Kelly's Directory of Cornwall & Devonshire 1914.
• There is a near complete set of telephone directories for the whole country produced, not only by British Telecom, but also by its predecessors including Post Office Telecommunications, the National Telephone Company and other private companies. Dating back to 1880, the year after the public telephone service was introduced into Great Britain, they are of particular interest to family historians.

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Emigration & Immigration

• Emigration from the UK:
  • General.
    • BBC Website for Cornish Emigration.
    • Some Passenger Lists for emigrants and other passengers leaving Cornwall in the 19th century are available on-line, courtesy of Rita Bone Kopp.
    • Cost of Passage around 1849 to the British Colonies, in private Ships, from some of the principal Ports of the United Kingdom, is available on-line.
    • Information on emigrants from Cornwall is available on-line.
    • Searchable shipping records, which contain passenger lists, for those which took part in emigration from the United Kingdom and Ireland:
      • The Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild are transcribing some records.
      • A list of passengers and captains is also available.
      • What Passenger Lists Are Online?
      • The UK National Archives Passenger lists for those travelling abroad from the UK are on-line.
    • The 1881 Census contains details of many ships in UK ports. These records are useful for tracing seamen and passengers coming into or going out of the country. Information about these Ships in UK Ports in 1881 is available on-line. There is a surname search facility.
    • The 1837 Online website is a pay-per-view site which provides, inter alia, a number of databases:
      • Births, Marriages and Deaths at Sea 1854 - 1890.
      • Registers of Names of Passport Applications 1851 to 1862 and 1874 to 1903.
      • Colonial Office Registry of Emigration Shipping 1847 to 1855.
      You can register and search by surname for free.
  • Mexico.
    • The State of Hidalgo in Mexico is covered with numerous reminders of its centuries old mining heritage. The village of Real del Monte lies high up on the edge of the Sierra Madre, a hundred kilometres from Mexico City and nine kilometres from the city of Pachuca and in that village there is a very special burial ground called Panteon de los Ingleses. There are over 650 graves in this remarkably scenic and peaceful place; most commemorate Cornish men and women.
      The CORNWALL INSCRIPTIONS PROJECT survey (which was conducted in 2001) recorded in detail all the surviving headstones in the Cornish cemetery. Other memorials in the region as well as Mexican-written records were consulted. The index therefore includes extracts from Mexican Civil registration of births, deaths and marriages. Also included are extracts from the British Consulate records of death held in Mexico. A British cemetery did exist in Mexico City, it has now been moved and no individual headstones survive, but extracts from the burial records which refer to Cornishmen have been extracted.
      The Cornish in Mexico were also remembered in their home country. Therefore memorials to people who died in Mexico but which are located in Cornwall are included as are some records from Cornish newspapers and census records. Over 2700 Cornish names are recorded in the CIP Mexican Register.
    • A list of Cornish miners who worked in Mexico is available on-line.
  • Latin America.
    • The significance of Cornish migration to Latin America (including Mexico) lay not in numbers: far fewer people migrated there than to the USA, South Australia, England and Wales or South Africa, but in the fact that the mines of Latin America were among the first to attract significant Cornish labour outside the British Isles and continued to recruit Cornish labour right into the 1930s. The Cornish in Latin America is a site recording detail about some of those who emigrated to, or worked in, Central and South America.
    • Here is a tip that may help to find Cornish in Chile. The British frigate Eclipse, under the command of Captain Clark, left Falmouth in March 1825 with 22 miners and their harware for Valparaiso. On the way it had to stop (at the end of June) at Buenos Aires Port (due to problems), so it must have arrived in Valparaiso around July 1825.
  • Australia & New Zealand. Many Cornish emigrated to Australia. The N.S.W. and Victorian sites below can be searched for a particular name:
    • New South Wales. The State Records of New South Wales include:
      • Indexes to Assisted Immigrants 1839 - 1896.
      • Indexes to Unassisted Immigrants.
    • Victoria. PRO Victoria has:
      • Assisted British Immigration - Index to registers of Assisted British Immigrants 1939 - 1871.
      • Unassisted Immigration to Victoria - Index of Inward Passenger Lists of British and Foreign Ports 1852 - 1911.
    • South Australia.
      • South Australian Passenger Lists 1836 Onwards - transcribed by Di Cummings.
      • Immigrants to South Australia, (UK, assisted passage) 1847-1886 project of immigrants arriving in South Australia, mostly under United Kingdom assisted passage schemes, 1847-1886. These lists have been transcribed from the original passenger lists, by Robert Janmaat of Adelaide.
    • Western Australia.
      • Perth Dead Persons Society site shows a list of ships which arrived in Western Australia. The site has transcriptions of many of the Passengers Lists, and it also has links to records in the other Australian States and to New Zealand.
    • Alexandra Morton has provided a website which contains transcriptions of Passenger Lists for some of the vessels that sailed from England to Australia from 1848 to 1856. There are many Cornish names included.
    • Australian shipping 1788-1968 contains shipping and passenger information for Australia and, to a lesser extent, New Zealand. As well as arrival and departure details, where possible, background information is also provided.
    • Passenger Lists of those who travelled to New Zealand are available from DENISE and PETERS AUCKLAND STUFF". The lists are sorted by both name of ship and Port of Arrival.
    • The CORNWALL INSCRIPTIONS PROJECT are recording an index of Cornish ancestors who are buried in New Zealand. It was a custom in Cornwall to record the names of such relations who died overseas on family memorials in Cornwall. The index contains references to such memorials located in Cornwall, as well as those in New Zealand.
    • Mailing Lists. There is a mailing list for anyone with a genealogical interest in immigrants from Cornwall who travelled to Australia and New Zealand. To join or leave a list, send an email to: eng-cornwall-australia-l@rootsweb.com with the single word 'subscribe' or unsubscribe (as appropriate) in the text. The subscribing/unsubscribing (joining/leaving) process is entirely automatic. It should be realised that there isn't any person involved in adding or subtracting list members, so such messages should not be sent to the mailing list itself; they will not be actioned.
  • USA & Canada.
    • Advice on Finding Passenger Lists 1820 to the 1940s - arrivals at US ports from Europe is available on-line. This also provides links to available finding aids.
    • The Gazette Newspaper of Houghton, Michigan appears to have started as a Weekly, then progressed to a Daily paper. On-line transcriptions from this paper recording some Cornish people who emigrated to Michigan, USA, are available courtesy of Dick and June Ross.
  • Other (including Australia, Canada and the USA). The Institute of Cornish Studies set up a research project in the mid-1990s to assemble a computer database of Cornish emigration. Initially using the United States as a case study, the Cornish-American Connection (CAC) amassed records of over 25,000 migrants from Cornwall to the USA.
    The CAC although successful was, however, limited in its approach as it did not set the Cornish migration experience within a dynamic paradigm of a global transmigrant circuit connected to transnational communities across the world in which out-migration, onward movement, return migration and repeat migration interacted with each other. As a result a new research project, The Cornish Global Migration Programme (CGMP), was created to address this problem. The data from the CAC was merged with records collected from various other countries to form a unique database.
    Details of each migrant include their name, date and place of birth, parental information, place and date of death, marriage details and the date of migration, shipping records, and receiving community details. Occupation both before and after migration, dates of return migration/onward migration and the destinations involved, and membership of religious or fraternal organisations are also recorded. These records are being collected from various sources, including local historians, genealogists, newspapers, overseas works' records, monumental inscriptions, shipping lists, naturalisation certificates and census returns (both foreign and domestic). Using nominal record linkage the information is being collated and augmented resulting in a database that is constantly evolving. It is hoped that this research project will enable the project staff to answer many of the questions central to an understanding of Cornish migration within a pan-European context.
    The CGMP project is run from Murdoch House Education Centre, Redruth; (see under Archives & Libraries).
• Immigration to the UK:
  • New Zealanders in Cornwall Census 1861 to 1901. Some names of those in New Zealand who had moved their families back to Cornwall have been extracted from the UK Censuses by Althea Barker. There are no results for 1851, and years 1871, 1881 and 1901 are incomplete - check at COCP for updates. Please note: the census information given by Althea is not complete and if the entry is just recorded as 'NZ', her search would not have located any person.

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Encyclopedias & Dictionaries

Abbreviations Occurring in 17th Century Records are explained on-line. This list, additionally, gives the explanation to other more common abbreviations, including honours and awards, given to, or used by, British servicemen/women and civilians.

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Folklore

• Information on local Legacies, Myths and Legends of Cornwall is available on-line from the BBC.
• Words of Cornish Folksongs can be found on-line.
• Though common in the 18th and 19th centuries in many areas of England, smuggling is synonymous with Cornwall's past. In any study of the local history of Cornwall's coastal villages, you will consistently find references to fishing and smuggling as the chief employers of these small communities. A website on smuggling in Cornwall is available.

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Gazetteer

• Search the GENUKI Gazetteer. The GENUKI Gazetteer covers the whole of England, Wales and Scotland and can be searched by place-name (or part of a place-name) or Ordnance Survey Grid Reference (six-figure, e.g. NZ183848). If there are multiple place-names matching the name you enter, you will initially be presented with a drop-down list of the matching place-names with their distances and bearings from Truro.
  
  
• There is also an alternative Gazetteer available.
• 1891 Place Index. There is a searchable database of places in the 1891 census, which covers England, Wales and the Isle of Man and returns the County, Registration District, Registration Sub-District, PRO Piece Number and LDS Film Number.
• Popular Archaeology have provided a Place Name Finder. The database holds information on the names of more than 160,000 UK places and provides a number of methods for interrogating the dataset.
• Another Gazetteer of British Place Names is available. The historic map of the county boundaries, shows that the borders of Cornwall/Devon have remained largely intact over the years, following the course of the River Tamar, although some adjustment to the boundary has occured at times for administrative reasons.
• An on-line Parish Locator covering the whole of the UK. This includes facilities for listing other churches and parishes within any specified distance of the parish church.
• See also under Names, Geographical for a link to historical placenames in Cornwall.

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Genealogy

• General.
  • Some helpful information on Medieval English Genealogy is available on-line.
  • Free general advice and information on British genealogy is available from British-Genealogy.com. This includes detailed information on such matters as using English and Welsh parish registers, census information, etc.
  • The explanation of GENEALOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, is available on-line.
  • The Genogold web-site provides a database search facility based on contributed genealogical data, and allows people to add their email addresses to database records that are of interest to them. It is a general site, but much of its data relates to the West Country.
• Cornwall.
  • The best way to find out what research information about Cornwall, that you can obtain directly from Cornwall FHS, is to look at their website. Research in response to enquiries is limited to members, and is usually confined to providing selected printouts from the Society's database. There will be a charge, so the best way is to ask the question of one of their volunteers (see: Contact Details), who will come back to you with the cost. The information can then usually be sent on via email.
  • Graham Jaunay's English Names Research Directory covers Cornwall.
  • Ted Wildy's Marriage Witness Index for Cornwall is available on-line.
  • There is much genealogical information provided by the Cornish Genealogical Database which is of use to those researching their ancestry.
  • Cornish Surnames.
    • The Cornwall Surnames List, listing those surnames being researched, is available on-line.
    • The CORNISH-L Surnames web site is for anyone researching their family in Cornwall. The purpose of this list is for personal contact with subscribers of the CORNISH-L mailing list who have a similar interest in researching the names on the list. THe site also links to a number of other similarly-focused sites.
    • Another Cornish surnames research site is also available. This lists those researching Cornish surnames and links to websites where such exists.
    • A Cornwall Surname Exchange list, registering surname interests, is available on-line.
  • On-line Parish Clerks. The On-line Parish Clerk (OPC) Project is designed to get volunteers to take on the responsibility for a parish or parishes. Their role is to make on-line and look-up facilities available to researchers; OPCs are usually contactable by email. Each OPC may have a transcribed set of his/her parish records, census and any other local history information that would be useful to a family historian with an interest in the parish. However, it takes time to transcribe and accumulate material, so an OPC may not yet have full data for all these sources; it depends upon time available.
    In respect to the OPC scheme for Cornwall, the system in place is given on-line. Links to specific parish information is available from each GENUKI parish page.
    [The term OPC, as used here, refers to a collector of genealogically-related materials such as (but not limited to) Church register transcripts, land tax assessments and census information, and the OPC should in no way be confused with the County Council appointed Parish Clerks. All OPCs are unpaid volunteers who are willing to assist others in their genealogical research].
  • Cornish Strays. Some information on Strays found in Cornwall is available.
• Mailing Lists. As a general pointer to email lists covering this (or any other) county, have a look at this list which covers all known lists for matters of Cornish Genealogy. The prime open and closed mailing lists available to help in researching genealogy in Cornwall are:
  • Cornwall Open Lists. Yvonne Bowers is the listowner of CORNISH-L and CORNISH-GEN mailing lists for Cornish and Cornish genealogical researchers respectively. The Cornish list discusses all things Cornish, whilst the Cornish-Gen list is strictly for genealogy queries. The original list was started in early 1997 and was split into two lists towards the end of 1998; both lists have a large number of members.
    To join or leave a list, send an email to: cornish-L-request@rootsweb.com or cornish-gen-request@rootsweb.com, as appropriate, with the single word 'subscribe' or 'unsubscribe' (as appropriate) in the text. The subscribing/unsubscribing (joining/leaving) process is entirely automatic at these addresses. It should be realised that there isn't any person involved in adding or subtracting list members, so such messages should not be sent to the mailing lists themselves; they will not be actioned. (See also under Correctional Institutions where there is a separate lists for such matters).
  • CFHS Members Closed List. Sharon Symonds maintains a closed list for members of the Cornwall FHS; this is called E-Mail Helping Hands. It has a digest mode as an option. You can not subscribe manually, all subscription must come through List Mum Sharon and your membership number is required to complete the subscription process. To leave the list, send an email to: CFHS-request@rootsweb.com or CFHS-request@rootweb.com, as appropriate, with (as before) the single word 'unsubscribe' in the text. The unsubscribing (leaving) process is again entirely automatic at these addresses, so don't try to send messages to the list itself.
  • Status of Rootsweb Servers. If you are have difficulty in receiving mailings from the lists, please check the status of the Rootsweb Server to be aware of any current problems.
  • The British Genealogy site also has a list for Cornwall genealogy.
• General Resources.
  • The Cornish Ancestors Website, you can find various records and links to sites where records are free to view.
  • There is a name search facilty on the Cornish Census Search site.
  • The Genealogy Links.net is an online resource for Cornish family history research. The site provides numerous links to on-line Cornish genealogical resources. The main site also consists of 2,800 pages of more than 27,000 Genealogy Links; for USA, UK, England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Europe, Canada, Australia & New Zealand.
  • An index of Cornwall Genealogy Links is available.
  • Cyndi's List of resources for Cornwall is also available.
  • RootsChat.com is an easy to use messaging forum for everyone researching their family history or local history. The focus is on Ireland and the British Isles. Local Historians and Family Historians have a great deal of knowledge to share. This service is entirely free, with the hope expressed that you and the historian and genealogy community as a whole will benefit from it. The Cornwall county section is separately on-line.

If you are having problems researching your family history in Cornwall, or you want to contribute to this corporate knowledge base, there is a HELP page available.

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Handwriting

• Knowing how to decipher old handwriting is an important part of genealogy research; a website devoted to this is available.
• Assistance in understanding old handwriting is also available. Examples of 17th Century letters found in Parish Registers, is particularly helpful.
• An on-line course in understanding English Handwriting 1500 to 1700 is available.
• In the 1773 Foreword to his work, Andrew Wright made his case for studying the old law hands, which at that time were still in memory but rapidly fading with the passing of older practitioners. This advice is relevant for genealogists and historians today.

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Heraldry

• Coats-of-Arms are not for a name but for the person to whom they were awarded; they are only valid from the recipient to elder son downwards, but not to daughters unless there was a specific clause inserted at the time of award. Some information on Coats-of-Arms is available.
• The College of Arms is the official repository of the coats of arms and pedigrees of English, Welsh, Northern Irish and Commonwealth families and their descendants. Its records also include official copies of the records of Ulster King of Arms the originals of which remain in Dublin. The officers of the College, known as heralds, specialize in genealogical and heraldic work for their respective clients. Information and advice about how the College can help in genealogy is available.

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Historical Geography

• Cornish entries from William I's DOMESDAY SURVEY of 1086 are available on-line.
• An index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall has been provided on-line.
• English Heritage Viewfinder - is a site containing historic photographs of Cornwall and other counties, and which is searchable. It has some unusual ones of the Industrial Age which won't be found amongst the more usual postcard collections!.
• The Francis Frith Collection - a collection of over 700,000 photographs of the UK, Europe and the Middle East taken by the Victorian photographer Francis Frith.
• Geology, Agriculture and Fishery. From the earliest of times, Cornwall has been noted for its tin but other minerals are found here, including copper, lead, pyrites, bismuth, zinc, cobalt, arsenic, wolfram and menachenite. Barley was the most successful grain, of which large crops were grown on the banks of the River Camel. Potatoes were grown extensively in some parts and cider was made in the eastern portion of the county. Fishing was an important industry, pilchards being the most numerous catch.

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History

• General.
  • A Timeline of Cornish History 1066-1700 AD is available on-line, courtesy of the Cornwall County Council. A link to earlier and later historical timelines is also available.
  • The Cornwall Centre Heritage and History site provides much helpful information on many aspects useful to those researching their family history. These include: Archeology and history, the censuses, Cornish Language, Cornish Methodism, Cornish Newspapers, Family History, Cornish Manors, mining, parish registers, pictures, railways and statistics.
  • Information on the history of mining in Cornwall is available.
  • BRITISH HISTORY ONLINE offers a digital library of text and information about people, places and businesses from the medieval and early modern period. It is built by the Institute of Historical Research and the History of Parliament Trust. There is a section on Cornwall.
• Medieval History in Cornwall.
  • Some information on Medieval History in Cornwall is available on-line. For the best results inser the search term CORNWALL.
  • The Victoria County History volumes on Cornwall are being developed. Some family information from these volumes is on-line.
• Currency Conversion. The current Value of Old Money can be calculated on-line.
• Historical Administration in Cornwall. In 1841, the administrative districts of Cornwall were based upon the old English Hundreds division of land which had been in use since Saxon times. The Hundred was a division of the shire, and each was made up of a number of ecclesiastical parishes; the Hundred was of great importance in Saxon and Norman times. There was a Hundred Court presided over by the Hundred Reeve acting on behalf of the King. The Court, in addition to dealing with disputes, levied taxes. Gradually its function was taken over by parochial and manorial administration under the supervision of the Justices of the Peace. The names lingered on and were even used as divisions in some census records. Some documents relating to the Hundreds survive.
• There were 10 Hundreds in Cornwall in 1841; these, and the parishes which were contained therein, were:
  • East
    Antony St Jacob, Botus Fleming, Callington, Calstock, Egloskerry, Landulph, Landrake [with St Erney], Laneast, Launceston St Mary Magdalane, Lawhitton, Lewannick, Lezant, Linkinhorne, Maker, St Mellion, Menheniot, Northill, Pillaton, Quethiock, Rame, Sheviock, Southill, South Petherwin, St Germans, St John, St Stephens-with-Newport, Stoke Climsland, St Dominick, St Ive, St Stephen-by-Saltash, St Thomas Apostle-by-Launceston, Tremaine, Tresmeer, Trewen.
  • Kerrier
    St Anthony-in-Meneage, Breage, Budock, Constantine, Cury, Germoe, St Gluvias, Grade, Gunwalloe [alias Winnington], Gwennap with St Day, St Keverne, Landewednack, Mabe, Manaccan, St Martin-in-Meneage, Mawgan-in-Meneage, Mawnan, Mullion, Mylor, Perranarworthal, Ruan Minor, Ruan Major, Sithney, St Stithians, Wendron, Helston, Falmouth.
  • Lesneweth
    Advent, Altarnun, St Clether, Davidstow, Forrabury, St Gennys, St Juliot, Lanteglos-by-Camelford, Lesneweth, Michaelstow, Minster, Otterham, Poundstock, Tintagel [with Bossiney], Treneglos, Trevalga, Warbstow.
  • Penwith
    Camborne, Crowan, St Buryan, Gulval [alias Lanisly], Gwinear, Gwithian, Illogan, Lelant [Uny Lelant], Ludgvan, Madron, Morvah, Paul, Perranuthnoe, Phillack, Redruth, St Erth, St Hilary, St Ives, St Just-in-Penwith, St Levan, Sancreed, Sennen, Towednack, Zennor.
  • Powder
    Fowey, Gorran, Ladock, Lanlivery, Lostwithiel, Luxulyan, Mevagissey, Roche, St Austell, St Blazey, St Dennis, St Ewe, St Mewan, St Michael Caerhays, St Sampson [Golant], St Stephen-in-Brannel, Tywardreath, St Allen, St Anthony-in-Roseland, St Clement, Cornelly, Creed-with-Grampound, Cuby-with-Tregony, St Erme, Feock, Gerrans, St Just-in-Roseland, Kea, Kenwyn, Lamorran, Merther, St Michael Penkevil, Philleigh, Probus, Ruan Lanihorne, Truro St Mary, Veryan.
  • Pydar
    St Agnes, St Breock, Colan, St Columb Minor & Major, Crantock, Cubert, St Enoder, St Ervan, St Eval, St Issey, Lanhydrock, Lanivet, St Mawgan-in-Pydar, St Merryn, St Newlyn East, Padstow, Perranzabuloe, Little Petherick, St Wenn, Withiel.
  • Stratton
    Boyton, Bridgerule, Jacobstow, Kilkhampton, Launcells, Marhamchurch, Morwenstow, Poughill, Stratton, North Tamerton, Week St Mary, Whitstone.
  • Trigg
    Bodmin, Blisland, St Breward, Egloshayle, St Endellion, Helland, St Kew, St Mabyn, St Minver, St Teath, Temple, St Tudy.
  • West
    Boconnoc, Braddock [Broadoak], Cardinham, St Cleer, Duloe, St Keyne, Lanreath, Lansallos, Lantaglos by Fowey, Liskeard, St Martin-by-Looe, Morval, St Neot, Pelynt, St Pinnock, Talland, St Veep, Warleggan, St Winnow.
  • Scilly Islands
    St Agnes, St Marys, St Martins, Bryher, Tresco, Samson.
• Hundreds are no longer used for administration; instead Cornwall is now divided into district councils. There are 6 district council areas: - Caradon; Carrick; Kerrier; North Cornwall; Penwith and Restormel. The District Councils are divided into civil parishes; these originally were based on the old ecclesiastical parishes, but now the boundaries of each are quite different.
• Information on how the Administrative Regions of England have developed, including the changes to county borders, is available on-line.

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Jewish History

• Susser, Bernard. The Jews of Devon and Cornwall, from the Middle Ages until the early twentieth century Thesis, University of Exeter (1997) xxi, 421 l. facsims.
• Susser, Rabbi Dr Bernard. The Jews of Devon and Cornwall, Tiverton, Halsgrove Press (2000) 124 p. [ISBN 1900178826]

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Land & Property

• Inquisitions Post-Mortem 1372/3. In 1235, Henry III created regional officials called Escheators who, on the death of any tenant-in-chief in their area holding lands in fee, were to take possession of the deceased's lands and summon juries of free local men in the neighbourhood, to give details on oath about the lands and their value, the services by which they were held, the date of the deceased owner's death, and the identity and age of the heir. These reports are called Inquisitions Post-Mortem. The purpose of these was to discover what income and legal rights were due to the Crown (the King). On completion, the Escheator then sent his report to the royal court of Chancery, with a copy to the Exchequer.
  
  
• Family Deeds. The Family Deeds Project provides a large amount of FREE online information to help you with your family history using information contained in their collection of old deeds and documents. These documents can contain a wealth of information for family historians and so the Family Deeds project was created with the aim of trying to preserve some of that information and make it easily available to all. Those deeds relating to Cornwall are on-line.
  
  
• Land Conveyances. Abstracts of Cornwall Feet of Fines (land conveyances), covering 1461-1509, are available on-line courtesy of MEDIEVAL ENGLISH GENEALOGY.
  
  
• Tenures. Copyhold was a form of land tenure for land held from a lord of the manor, originally for agricultural labour, but since Tudor times for monetary payment. The term copyhold is used because the land could only be transferred by surrender to the lord and the admission of a new tenant, which admission was recorded in the Manor Rolls and a copy given to the tenant. In Cornwall many properties were held on Copyhold terms of tenure. "Copyhold" is a type of tenure that was also very commonly used throughout the rest of the UK. (This is quite different to a 'freehold' or 'leasehold'). In simple terms.... "a person purchases a Copyhold to land or property from the Lord of the Manor. These transactions are recorded in the Manor Court. (Most Manor Court records are held in the Cornwall Record Office.).
  Copyhold was so called because from early times it was customary for two copies of the lease to be made - one for the lord of the manor and one for the tenant. A copyhold lease was normally granted for the lives of three named persons; but it might last in practice for four lives, because the widow of a male tenant dying in possession was allowed what was called "free bench" so long as she remained unwed.
  Rents were normally fixed by custom, and the lord of the manor could not increase them. He could however demand an increased fine on a change of tenancy, as this was generally subject to negotiation (though mostly determined by custom, like rents, in the western counties). But in practice it seems the lord of the manor had little redress if the tenant refused to agree to an increase in his fine.
  Tenants were indeed in a strong position. They had no absolute right of inheritance after a grant of copyhold had expired. But when one life dropped, the tenant might offer to surrender the remaining portion of his grant in return for another that incorporated a replacement life or lives, and the fine for this would be less than for a new three-life grant "out of hand" (which was accordingly rare). In effect, if a tenant continued to pay his rents and fines, and to meet his other obligations, he enjoyed what amounted to hereditary tenure.
  However, with Copyhold, there is a catch. Normally, a Copyhold can be willed to a descendant, usually a son (but in some cases a wife or daughter).... and it is possible for a surviving spouse to remain the holder of the copyhold. But on her death, the property *reverts* back to the ownership of the Manor. No money is paid. Hence the term "reversion". In the mid 1800s, a law was passed entitling individuals to purchase their Copyhold outright. (However few could afford it).
  
  
• The modern Land Registry for Cornwall is based at Plymouth; it is part of a national body. It is not known whether they can help in matters concerning historical records.
• Some bibliography on land matters include:
  • Gray, Todd. Harvest Failure in Devon and Cornwall [1623 and 1630-1]: The Book of Orders and the Corn Surveys (1992). [ISBN 0903686651] [Devon FHS Library 942.036].
  • N.G. (ed.) The Parliamentary Survey of the Duchy of Cornwall, Part 1, Devon and Cornwall Record Society (1982). [Lookups].
  • Pounds, N.G. (ed.) The Parliamentary Survey of the Duchy of Cornwall, Part 2, Devon and Cornwall Record Society (1984).
  • Return of Owners of Land (1873). CD 0213-09, Archive CD (2001).
• The Harvard School of Law contains a collection of early Land Deeds relating to England (including Cornwall). This collection is searchable from the Home Page.
• Those with research interests impacting upon the Trevelyan Cornish estates should not overlook the Trevelyan Papers held by the Somerset Record Office - many of which are indexed there, but not at the PRO. The catalogue refers to the names of numerous lessees and to places such as Colan, Duloe, Marchamchurch, Mawgan, Perranuthnoe, St Veep, Trevelyan and Whalesborough.

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Language & Languages

• Cornish.
  • Information on the history and use of the Cornish language is available.
  • The Cornish Language, known in its own language as Kernewek, is one of the Brythonic group of Celtic languages which includes Welsh, the Breton language and, originally, Cumbrian. The Celtic languages of Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx are known are part of the separate Goidelic group. In terms of similarity of Cornish to the other existing Celtic languages, it shares about 80% basic vocabulary with Breton, 75% with Welsh, 35% with Irish and 35% with Scots Gaelic.
  • The title Sen or Synt is not used in Cornish when referring to a Celtic saint; only when the saint is not Celtic should it be used. In English we say Saint Piran, but in Cornish we would simply call him Peran. Likewise, Saint Piran's Day in English is simply Degol Peran in Cornish.
  • The Cornwall Centre Library has further information on the history of the Cornish Language.
• Latin.
  • Information on Latin Terms used in parish registers is available.
  • There is a free 12 lesson course on the National Archives website to help you understand Latin, especially useful for transcribing Wills before 1733.
  • White Trash Scriptorum is a website which provides help and gives links to assist researchers in interpreting basic Latin and, especially Latin found in Records and other English Manuscripts. It is of especially of help in interpreting proper names.
  • A free translation service dedicated to texts related to genealogy is available. Although this service includes Latin, many other languages can also be translated.

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Law & Legislation

Some names taken from Police Reports, are listed.

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Manors

Information on Manorial records is available. The Cornwall County Council have listed Cornish Manors in their parishes on-line. Detailed information at parish level, where known, will be found on the appropriate parish page.

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Maps

• Historic Parishes of England & Wales: An Electronic Map of Boundaries before 1850 with a Gazetteer and Metadata can be ordered. The digitised maps cover the whole of England and Wales, and are organised by Ordnance Survey Sheet number. The maps are available on CD-ROM in Adobe Illustrator (ISBN:0-9540032-2-5) or Adobe Acrobat (ISBN:0-9540032-1-7) PDF formats.
• A series of old maps of Cornwall and its towns, including the Isles of Scilly, together with its county coasts and border with Devon, over the period 1564 until 1900 are available from GENMAPS.
• The website A Vision of Britain through Time can display a series of maps showing civil parish boundaries, in which 19th century views can be selected. You can search on a parish name, then scroll down to "Administrative Units/parish name - AP/CP", click on that link, scroll down to link Historic boundaries which takes you to the map section. However, if you click on Historical Mapping on the home page top menu the maps you then reach don't have parish boundaries.
• The Institute of Historical Research have place on-line, Ordnance Survey maps of Cornwall 1844 to 1899.
• Old maps of the parishes in the county of Cornwall are available, by accessing the County Gazetter and selecting Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.
• A downloadable map of the ancient Cornish parishes is available from the Cornish Forefathers Society.
• Two maps of Cornwall, included in the Report of the Boundary Commissioners for England and Wales. (Printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1885) showing the new limits of the county then, are available on-line. There is an eastern section and an western section.
• An old map of Cornwall in the 1831 Census, which gives details of population distribution, is available on-line.
• A map depicting England and Wales (1660 to 1892) is available to help locate Cornwall and its surrounding counties during this period.
• A site providing address searching and road atlas maps for the UK, is available at (The UK Street Map Page). That for placenames in Cornwall can be obtained by typing in the name.
• West Penwith Resources have produced good information on published maps of Cornwall.
• Searchable maps of areas in modern Cornwall can also be found.

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Medical Records

• Doctors & Churchmen. Some of those involved as Doctors and Churchmen, are listed.
• Diseases. Some useful information about disease (including edipemics) and pestilence in Cornwall is given by West Penwith Resources on their website.
• Medical Records.
  • Holdings of Lambeth Palace Library - a Directory of medical licences issued by the Archbishop of Canterbury 1535-1775 lists some early practitioners in Cornwall.
  • Medical Heritage of Great Britain, is a site produced by the Bath & Wessex Medical History Group, providing detailed information on a county level of the history of medical treatments, and locations of some associated buildings.
  • Records for Hospitals in Cornwall are located in the Cornwall Record Office.
  • The Cornwall County Asylum, for the reception of private patients and pauper lunatics, was located in Bodmin. The Cornwall Record Office Guide to their Sources says they hold records for the hospital from 1782-1971 (X97, X654).
• Medical Terms. Information on archaic medical terms and causes of death is available on-line as follows:
  • Links to a variety of websites from the Hall genealogy website.
  • A Glossary of Archaic Medical Terms, Diseases and Causes of Death.

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Merchant Marine

• Census of Merchant Shipping in 1861. In the 1861 census, Merchant Shipping was treated peculiarly, under Shipping Returns. Those shipping returns for Cornwall and its border are as follows:
  • RG9/4495 - Falmouth.
  • RG9/4456 - Falmouth.
  • RG9/4455 - Fowey.
  • RG9/4453 - Fowey, Truro & Penzance.
  • RG9/4496 - Penzance.
  • RG9/4491 - Plymouth.
  • RG9/4492 - Plymouth.
  • RG9/4454 - St Ives & Padstow.
• How to trace Merchant Mariners. Information about tracing Merchant Mariners and Shipping is available. This is a truly excellent site devoted to helping users find out about Merchant Seaman ancestors. The site informs which records are available, how to use them and what you might realistically find. It also tells us where we might find them. It explains such records as crew lists and much more. The site is clear and simple and extremely easy to navigate, there was no real possibility of getting lost, as there were plenty of hyperlinks to take you to precisely the right spot, and they were well cross-referenced. The refreshing lack of needless images also meant the site was quick to load which is a pleasant bonus.
• Shipwreck & Accidents. Some of those Masters & Mates who were involved in shipwrecks and accidents at sea, are listed.
• General. A GENUKI website on the Merchant Marine is available on-line. The site has a large list of links to various seafaring activities such as Customs & Excise, British Seaman records, Merchant Navy Apprentices, River and Harbour Pilotage records, Fishermen and Coastguard records, Smugglers, passenger lists and Lighthouse keepers.
• Ships in Port in 1881. The 1881 Census contains details of many ships in UK ports. These records are useful for tracing seamen and passengers coming into or going out of the country. Information about these Ships in UK Ports in 1881 is available on-line. There is a surname search facility.
• Cornish Masters and Mates Mustered! It was not until 1845 that Officers in the Merchant Navy were covered by a system of registration. In that year a voluntary examination was introduced for men who wished to become masters or mates of foreign-going merchant ships; this examination became compulsory in 1850 and a few years later it was extended to the home trade. Candidates would be examined by Local Marine Boards around the coast of Britain. The local boards made returns to the Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen, who maintained registers recording the details of certificates granted. These are now available in The National Archives, Kew, and there are many Cornish names hidden away in hundreds of registers. It is not easy to find them but fortunately there are nominal indexes to many sets of records. Some years ago a small team from the Family History Group of the London Cornish Association embarked on a project to extract Cornish-born Merchant Navy Officers from these indexes (TNA BT127), which contain names from all over the world. This project became known as the Cornish Masters & Mates Project.
  A CD containing some 4,250 names of Cornish-born masters and mates (the Officer class of the Merchant Navy) has been published as a joint venture between the London Cornish Association (LCA), Cornwall Family History Society (CFHS), and the National Maritime Museum Cornwall (NMMC). It lists officers' names, year and place of birth, and certificate numbers; the certificate numbers can be used to discover more about each individual's service and voyages from other sources, mainly in London. The CD is on sale at CFHS Headquarters, 5 Victoria Square, Truro, TR1 2RS, and in the Museum, Discovery Quay, Falmouth, TR11 3QY, or by post from CFHS. A printed copy can be priced and prepared on request made to the CFHS. Please note that there are very few people born after 1900 in the indexes from which the names were extracted.
  For the benefit of people who cannot visit London, the London Cornish Association is starting a look-up service relating to the Cornish masters and mates whose names appear on the CD. The initial arrangements are being put in place and details can be found in the CFHS Journal, on the CFHS website and will appear in due course on the LCA website. This service will be subject to adjustment in the light of experiences in the opening months.
• HM Coastguard. Some information about the historical aspects of H.M. Coastguards is available. (Also see below under OCCUPATIONS).

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Military History

• HM Dockyard, Plymouth. There is a transcription of the volume in the National Archives, giving a detailed listing of several thousand workers in the Plymouth Dock Yard (in 1779, with some amendments in 1782), which is on-line, courtesy of GENUKI Devon.
• Militia. There were two types of Militia following the Local Militia Act of 1807: the County Militia (Militia Act 1757) and the Local Militia. Unlike the County Militia, the Local Militia were not liable to serve outside their own or adjacent counties and, whereas the County Militia continued in service after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Local Militia was disbanded in 1816. The Local Militia can be likened to the Home Guard (in the UK) of World War 2, and the County Militia was somewhat like the Territorial Army/National Guard, and could be called upon to serve in any part of the country, or to act as reliefs for the regular troops in the garrisons.
• Regular Army. Information on The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry in 1914-1918 period is available on-line.

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Military Records

• HM Dockyard, Plymouth. There is a transcription of the volume in the National Archives, giving a detailed listing of several thousand workers in the Plymouth Dock Yard (in 1779, with some amendments in 1782), which is now on-line, courtesy of GENUKI Devon.
• There is an explanation about the whereabouts of Military Records available on-line.
  • Cornwall and Devon Miners, Royal Field (Reserve) Artillery, formerly Royal Cornwall and Devon Miners Artillery (Militia) Record of Officers' Services (WO68/24 and WO68/25).
• 1,700,000 men and women of the Commonwealth forces died in the two World Wars. Of these the remains of 925,000 were found and their graves are marked by a headstone. Where the remains were not found, the casualty's name is commemorated on a memorial. This work is undertaken by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. There are war graves in some 150 different countries; mostly in the 2,500 war cemeteries and plots constructed by the Commission. The details of these persons so commemorated can be found on-line.
• The Imperial War Museum, London archives offer a wealth of material for the family history researcher. When the Imperial War Museum was founded in 1917, one of its functions was to be a memorial to those who had died and suffered in the First World War. The Museum has since expanded its remit to include all conflicts, concentrating on British and Commonwealth involvement from 1914 to the present day.
• A listing of on-line records which assist in researching other British Military Records is available.
• There is an on-line list of persons born ANYWHERE IN CORNWALL, who died during the Great War and who had served in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI). The full roll of honour covers just about every County and runs into many thousands.
• The Medal Rolls Index, known as the Medal Index Cards (MIC), was created by the Army Medal Office (AMO) towards the end of the First World War. The index was created to enable the AMO to place on one card, all of the details about an individual's medal entitlement, their rank or ranks, the unit or units they served in, the first operational theatre they served in and most importantly, the original AMO medal roll references. These medal rolls (held in WO 329) show the entitlement to the medals and also provide all of the accounting references for the issuing of the medal or medals; the card details are now on-line and are searchable by surname.
• People, Places, Ships, Organisations and Events associated with the Royal Navy since 1660 are available in the Naval Biographical Database.
• Census of H M Shipping in 1861. In the 1861 census, in common with the Merchant Marine, Shipping was treated peculiarly under Shipping Returns. Those shipping returns for Cornwall and its border are: RG9/4492 - HM Shipping at Plymouth.

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Names, Geographical

• An Index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall is available on-line.
• Churchtown. Within Cornwall, you will frequently come across the place name: CHURCHTOWN. This is a common placename applicable to most parishes, and refers to the built-up area of the parish immediately around the parish church. However, there are a number of Churchtown Farms which originally were probably located in the same geographical area of the parish. There is no single place with the name.

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Names, Personal

Surnames, as we know them today, did not always exist. In celtic times, names usually consisted of a single name with the appendage relating to 'son of'. With the growing population and small number of Christian names then in use, surnames were introduced in France in the 11th century. It was not until much later, as taxation became more widespread, that they came into use in England. Various methods were used in giving surnames: the placename or geographic location in which a person lived, one's occupation (Carpenter, Mason, Chapman -- a travelling salesman), the employer's name, physical characteristic (Redhead, Armstrong) or even a nickname. Dr. Stoate has written that, certainly in West Cornwall, the father's Christian name was sometimes used as a surname for a son; he quoted the 1522 "Subsidies" which showed a Richard Jacka and a John Richard living at the same address in St. Keverne. By 1524 they had become Richard Jacka and his son John!
Celtic nations have an unusually large number of surnames stemming from a first name e.g. Andrews, Arthur, Edwards, Harry, Jane, Johns, Martin, Peters, Richards, Sarah, Thomas, Williams, etc.
From an analysis of the 19th century censuses and parish registers, the most common surname in Cornwall is WILLIAMS.

• The Cornwall OPC pages have a useful guide to Common Family Naming Patterns in Cornwall.
• A useful guide to Cornish surnames is contained within A HANDBOOK OF CORNISH SURNAMES by G Pawley White. (ISBN 0 950643 19 X). There is also a list and explanation of the meaning of Cornish surnames available on-line.
• The Cornwall Surnames List lists those Surnames which are being researched by individuals who are email-capable. It provides the opportunity for those researching the same or similar sounding names to contact each other.
• A list of free genealogy databases of Cornwall are available from the Free Surnames Search website.
• There is a website listing surnames in Cornwall which are being researched, together with contact details.
• Names being researched by members of the Cornwall FHS are also listed in the Members Area.
• Some useful information on the origins, development and use of surnames in Cornwall is available from www.cornishsurnames.com.
• Jim Thompson has placed on-line a list of Cornish surnames together with their meanings. The definitions come from books by Richard Stephen Charnock, G. Pawley White, T. F. G. Dexter, J. Bannister, Henry Jenner, Nicholas Williams, R. Morton Nance and many others.
• An ongoing personal names index to a large number of documents amassed by Malcolm McCarthy of Padstow has been compiled. The index which principally relates to the area around Bodmin, but includes many other parishes, can be accessed.
• Names being researched by members of the Cornish Forefathers Society are also available on-line.
• A website dedicated to the origins and distribution of modern British Surnames is available.
• English names generally did not develop from Latin but rather the principles of Latin were applied later; variations in these 'Latinized' forms are therefore to be expected. Remember that letters 'i' and 'j' as well as 'u' and 'v' were used interchangeably, so that Jacobus (Jacob) often appears as Iacobus and Avicia as Auicia, for example. Information on these variations is also available.
• A conversion table of old latin forms of personal names to their modern English equivalents is available on-line.
• It was particularly common in Cornwall for first names to be used interchangeably. For example, the names JANE and JENNY are frequently used interchangeably.

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Newspapers

• Details of Newspapers, published in Cornwall, are on-line.
• Many Newspapers carry family announcements, including obituaries. Cornish Newspapers of significance are:
  • Western Morning News.
  • Cornish Guardian.
  • The Cornishman.
  • The West Briton.
• Rita Bone Kopp and Julia Symons Mosman are transcribing 19th century editions of the WEST BRITON Newspaper. They now have a SEARCHABLE website with the past posts listed by year, then by miscellaneous, births, marriages and deaths. You should not to limit yourselves to just BMD, as many death mentions were made in the "miscellaneous" section. (You can also read Monthly excerpts from the paper - check under "miscellaneous").
• Births and Marriages 1836 to 1839, and deaths 1836 to 1838, published in the West Briton Newspaper are available on-line through the OPC search Facility.
• Cornish Newspapers which are online are listed.
• The holdings of Cornish Newspapers and Periodicals in Cornwall's Libraries are available on-line.
• The Falmouth Packet Archives (1688-1850) are available on-line.
• Further information on Cornish Newspapers, which could help research, is also separately available.
• The British Library Online Newspaper Archive is available.
• The Cornish Echo was published from 1895 to 1952. It was, before 1895, called the Falmouth & Penryn Weekly Times which had been published from 1861 to 1865.

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Nobility

The Duke of Cornwall. The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first dukedom created in the peerage of England. The dukedom is the last in the United Kingdom still associated with an actual duchy: the Duchy of Cornwall. The Prince of Wales became the 24th Duke of Cornwall on The Queen's accession to the throne, in 1952. When he was 21 in 1969, he became entitled to the full income of the Duchy and took over its management. The Duke of Cornwall is not, therefore, dependent on any public funding.
The Duchy of Cornwall is one of the largest and oldest landed estates in Britain. It was created in 1337 by Edward III for his son, Prince Edward (The Black Prince). A charter ruled that each future Duke of Cornwall would be the eldest surviving son of the monarch - and the Heir to The Throne of the United Kingdom.

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Occupations

• Description & Explanation.
  • A description and meaning of Ranks, Professions, Occupations and Trades found on censuses, are available on-line.
• Customs & Excise.
  • The official history of HM Customs & Excise is on-line; it contains a searchable database.
  • There is a Coastguard & Customs Officers' Mailing List available.
• Fishermen. Fishermen from both Devon & Cornwall followed the fish around the British coast and over to Newfoundland and other places, leaving their wives and children at home for months on end apparently - so if you have missing fishermen that could be the explanation.
• H.M. Coastguard Service.
  • Background information on H.M. Coastguard Service is available on-line. It is recommended that those researching ancestors in HM Coastguard Service thoroughly read this.
  • Information about some Coastguard personnel can be found.
  • A list of BRITISH COASTGUARDS 1841 - 1901 is available on-line, courtesy of GENUKI.
  • Some further information about the historical aspects of H.M. Coastguards is also available. There is a mailing list associated with the site.
  • There is a Coastguard & Customs Officers' Mailing List available.
• Lighthouse Keepers.
  • Information about the records of the Corporation of Trinity House in the Guildhall Library, in relation to Lighthouse Keepers, is also available.
  • Further information about LIGHTHOUSE PERSONNEL IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS circa 1790-1911, which includes a list of keepers who served from 1790 to 1911, can also be found.
• Maritime. For those researching maritime ancestors, helpful information in the 1881 census is available. (See also: Merchant Marine).
• Mining.
  • There is a map on-line showing the locations of the major mining areas in Cornwall.
  • The Cornish Mining Index was compiled originally by Ian Richards. There are details of the mines in Cornwall.
  • Bal Maidens. A website exploring the many different roles which women and girls have undertaken at mines around the world is available. The emphasis is on those who worked at the mines, clay works and related industries in Cornwall and West Devon (who are known as bal maidens) and the site includes a searchable database of over 22,000 named individuals; this database is constantly growing.
  • Separately further information on some 800 mines in Devon and Cornwall, which is now published on CD, is also available on-line.
  • Details of some persons who were killed in mining incidents are also available.
  • From the middle ages the Crown exercised a prerogative right not only to gold and silver mines, but also to any other mines - in practice those producing copper, tin, iron or lead - where gold and silver were found. In 1688 royal rights to the latter category were revoked, but duties on the ores produced there continued to be levied in the same way as from the many mines in Crown ownership. Sources for the History of Mines and Quarries are available on-line.
• Police & Law Enforcement. The Cornwall Constabulary was formed in February 1857 following the passing of the County & Borough Police Act 1856. The following records will help researchers:
  • Before the Cornwall County Constabulary was formed in 1857, parish constables were elected once a year by the vestry meeting in each parish. Further information about this, together with other historical information, is available.
  • The Cornwall Record Office has the records of the Cornwall Constabulary from its inception until the early 1920s. These are in three large volumes of 500 names each and contain a physical description of each person, previous employment and employer, age, where born, date joined and date left with various personal details. The records from the early 1920s are held at Devon & Cornwall Police Headquarters in Exeter.
  • A complete listing of Officers, (Men and Women), who have served in the Cornwall Constabulary is being transcribed and is on-line.
  • A 'family tree' of the Devon and Cornwall Police, in organisational terms, is available on-line. This describes the history leading to the present organisation.
• Publican & Brewers. Some of those involved as Publicans & Brewers, are listed.
• Railway (Railroad). Some of those whose names have appeared in major Railway Reports, are listed.
• RNLI. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in Cornwall have a website. This gives information on the Lifeboat stations in Cornwall and some other details. However information on those who have served in the Service is sparse.
• Stonemen, Quarrymen, Builders & Allied Trades. Stone masons, quarrymen, builders, labourers, etc. - Joan Taber's Genealogical Index of Stone Workers and Related Occupations in Cornwall and Devon.
• Theatre and Entertainment.
  • The Applause Southwest Archive contains a selection of shows performed at theatres in the south west of England. The menus allow the search of shows and archives of theatre history in SW England and features details of over 1500 performers and the shows and theatres in which they appeared. The results of searches will link to films, audio, text, images and other archival records.
  • Backstage provides a single point of entry for finding and searching performing arts collections in the UK. It is aimed at the research community, plus anyone with an interest in the performing arts.

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Officials & Employees

There was a Reeve (law officer) for every Hundred, presided over by the Shire (County) Reeve of Cornwall. The office of Shire Reeve (Sherriff) is the oldest law office in the world; it dates from Saxon times.

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Periodicals

THE GENTLEMAN's MAGAZINE was published monthly from 1731 until the late 19th Century. The early editions of the magazine are of interest to genealogists because they contain details of many births, deaths and marriages. Frequently, biographical details were also included. Also, under the heading of "Accidents & Occurrences" are recorded the daily mishaps which befell individuals and which were recorded in the press. If you are lucky, you might find an interesting anecdote about an ancestor that you will not find elsewhere. Finally, there's a grim record of many executions. The contents of this magazine which relate to Cornwall can be found on-line courtesy of the Bodlean Library, Oxford. You must enter the search term: Cornwall.

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Politics & Government

Information on the modern Stannary Parliament of Cornwall is available.

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Poorhouses, Poorlaw, etc.

• Poor Law Administration. The Overseer of the Poor [was] an honorary parochial post. Before the Reformation the care of the poor was the responsibility of the Church, i.e. of the monasteries and the parish clergy. In fact, one third of the parson's tithes were intended to be given by him to the poor. An Act of 1572 created Alms Collectors and Supervisors of the Labour of Rogues and Vagabonds in each parish. People who would not give alms voluntarily could be compulsorily assessed. In 1597 the two offices were combined under the title of Overseer of the Poor, an official whose appointment required the approval of the Justice of the Peace. By the Great Poor Law Act of 1601, churchwardens became ex-officio Overseers of the Poor, together with those approved by the Justices of the Peace. One of the number was appointed executive officer of the Overseers and looked after the funds raised by the parochial rates. From 1691, the Overseer was obliged to keep records of his disbursements and distribution of clothing, etc. His rate books list the sums collected from parishioners according to the value of their properties. In 1772 an Act was passed enabling parishes to buy or rent premises for workhouses, and to employ a workhouse-keeper. From 1790, such workhouses had to submit to inspection by Justices of the Peace. In 1834, parochial responsibility for the poor was ended. Parishes were amalgamated for such purposes into Poor Law Unions, governed by elected Poor Law Guardians with a property qualification. At national level the system was controlled by Poor Law Commissioners.[Dictionary of Genealogy by Terrick Fitzhugh].
  A definition of Overseers of the Poor Accounts is available from the Devon County Council webpages on Poor Relief.
  In the latter stages of the Workhouses, there was increasing tendency to support those who could not look after themselves for medical reasons; the Workhouse gradually became an early form of the modern hospital.
• Union Workkhouses. The Poor Law Union arrangements in Cornwall were based upon a union of parishes to support a Workhouse and provide other means of support; these arrangements were quite complex. There were 15 Poor Law Unions (PLUs) established within the county. They were: St Austell, Bodmin, Camelford, St Columb Major, Falmouth, St Germans, Helston, Launceston, Liskeard, (Padstow), Penzance, Redruth, (Isles of Scilly), Stratton and Truro. Each Poor Law Union established a Workhouse to provide indoor relief for the poor. The records for these are in the Cornwall Record Office.
• Poor Law Information.There is a further explanatory Leaflet about the Poor Law which is available on-line.
• Poor Law Bastardy Papers. Bastardy Bonds/Agreements determined which adult male was to support a child. Where a child was without parents, the parish would try and find an apprenticeship for them to relieve the burden on the parish funds. These bonds can date from 1601 to 1834.
  The Poor Law system changed in 1834 when the Poor Law Unions were created. After 1834, bastardy cases were mainly dealt with at Quarter Sessions. After 1839, they were heard in Petty Sessions Courts.
  All DEPOSITED bastardy documents have been indexed. There may be some still held in the parishes.
  Trying to find details of bastardy cases after 1839 is difficult. Bastardy bonds and other parish bastardy documents ceased to be used after 1834 when the Poor Law Unions were created. From 1834 to 1839 the Workhouse administrators initiated bastardy proceedings through the Petty and Quarter Sessions Courts, and from 1839 all bastardy cases were heard at Petty Sessions, and were initiated by the mother who had to produce corroborative evidence to convict the putative father.
• Paupers. A pauper was someone who was unable to support themself for financial reasons. Not all were necessarily taken into a Workhouse; some, who may have been able to live with family, were provided with funds on a periodic basis. An index to "Paupers in Workhouses 1861" (10% sample) is available on-line.
• Tavistock Workhouse. There is a specific website dedicated to people who are mentioned in the Tavistock Workhouse records. These records include birth, deaths, census records, Workhouse indentures, photographs, election of Guardians, and more. Many of these people originate in Cornwall with most linked with Calstock.

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Population

At the time of the Domesday Survey of 1086, the entire population of Cornwall was reckoned to be around 25,000.

In the middle of the 14th century, the population of Cornwall suffered badly from the effects of The Black Death (Bubonic Plague), which had reduced it by nearly two-thirds. In 1377 a poll-tax census was taken, when it was found that, exclusive of children under 14 and mendicants, the entire population of Cornwall did not exceed 34,960 persons (Polsue).

By 1570 the population has been calculated at just less than 70,000 which had grown to almost 108,000 by the time of the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.

The recorded population figures of Cornwall in the 19th and 20th centuries are:

In 1801 the population of Cornwall was 188,269 persons. In 1811 the population of Cornwall was 216,667 persons. In 1821 the population of Cornwall was 257,447 persons. In 1831 the population of Cornwall was 300,938 persons. In 1841 the population of Cornwall was 341,279 persons. In 1851 the population of Cornwall was 355,558 persons. In 1861 the population of Cornwall was 369,390 persons. In 1871 the population of Cornwall was 358,356 persons. In 1881 the population of Cornwall was 330,686 persons. In 1891 the population of Cornwall was 322,571 persons.

In 1901 the population of Cornwall was 318,591 persons. In 1911 the population of Cornwall was 328,098 persons. In 1921 the population of Cornwall was 320,705 persons. In 1931 the population of Cornwall was 317,968 persons. In 1951 the population of Cornwall was 345,442 persons. In 1961 the population of Cornwall was 342,301 persons. In 1971 the population of Cornwall was 381,672 persons. In 1981 the population of Cornwall was 418,631 persons. In 1991 the population of Cornwall was 468,425 persons. In 2001 the population of Cornwall was 501,267 persons.

Source: Office of National Statistics.

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Probate Records

• General. Since 1858, Probate records for England and Wales have been located at the Family Division in London (now, The Probate Service). Wills proved from 12 January 1858 to the present day are held only by the Court of Probate. You can access them and buy copies at the Probate Search Room, First Avenue House, 42-49 High Holborn, London WC1V 6NP (tel: (Int) 020 7947 6000). If you have the date of death, you can buy copies of wills and administration of grants by post or online. The charge is £5.00 and it will take four to five weeks. Write to:
  
  The Postal Searches and Copies Department,
  Probate Registry,
  Castle Chambers,
  Clifford Street,
  York YO1 9RG
  Tel. 01904 666770
  
  Indexes to these are held in Cornwall by the Probate Sub-Registry, Market Street, Bodmin. Enquiries to bodmin.psr@hmcourts-service.gsi.gov.uk. Registered copies of Wills proved at Bodmin (1858 - 1941) (only Cornwall to 1926) are deposited at the Cornwall Record Office and are indexed by parish to 1929. Original Wills 1858 to 1969 are still at Bodmin Probate Sub-Registry.
  Before 1858 Cornwall formed the Archdeaconry of Cornwall in the diocease of Exeter and province of Canterbury. Apart from the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (PCC), most probate records for the county are at the Cornwall Record Office. These mainly comprise the Consistory Court of the Archdeaconry of Cornwall, printed index to Wills and Admons. 1600 to 1799 (and a very few pre-1600). These include the tiny Royal Peculiar of St Buryan 1600 to 1799 (in a separate section).
  For 1800 to 1857, there is a consolidated index, which also includes Estate Duty Office Wills and Admons for courts whose records have been destroyed (1812 to 1857).
  Records of the Episcopal Consistory Court of Exeter and the Episcopal Principal Registry of Exeter were destroyed by enemy action in 1942. These courts had some jurisdiction throughout Cornwall (particularly over clergy) and included all records for 22 Cornish parishes in perculiars. (these are: St Agnes, St Anthony-in-Roseland, Boconnoc with Bradoc, St Breock, Budock, St Buryan, Egloshayle, St Erney, St Ervan, St Eval, Falmouth, St Germans, St Gluvias, St Issey, Landrake, Lawhitton, St Levan, Lezant, Mabe, St Merryn, Mylor, Padstow, Perranzabuloe, Little Petherick, South Petherwin, Sennen, Trewen and St Winnow). The lost records are indexed in BRS 35 (Principal Registry) 1559 - 1799, and BRS 46 (Consistory) 1532 to 1800.
• Records of the Peculiars of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter, which include five Cornish parishes, were also destroyed. Post-1811 Estate Duty Office copies of Wills and Admons from these courts are now in the Cornwall Record Office. Abstract of Wills and Admons, 1796 - 1811, for these and other courts should still be found in the Estate Duty Registers at the Public Record Office. The Devon and Cornwall Record Society has microfilmed the index to these records.
• Many Abstracts of Cornish Wills 1690 to 1859 are available on-line, and the Cornish Wills proved at the Prerogative Court of Canterbury also has a list of persons who held lands in Cornwall, or resided in Cornwall, and had their Wills proved at the PCC.
• The complete series of PCC wills is now available for searching and downloading on the DocumentsOnline site.
• Magpie Collections have produced an index of Cornish-related probated Wills and Administrations for the years 1858 to 1865. They are continuing in increments of five years; the next CD 1866 to 1870 will be ready quite soon. Extracting continues for 1871 to 1875. Each CD contains an index of approximately 2,500 entries, taken from records held at the Probate Office at Bodmin, Cornwall. Each of these entries contain the name, date of probate (this can be many years after the death date), residence (broken down by farm name, if given, and village or town name), death date, names of persons sworn, (the majority of entries have more than one person sworn), the occupations of the persons sworn, their residence, and their relationship to the deceased when given.
• Pre 1858 Wills. The PRO has all the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (PCC) Wills for the period 1680-1858 online and work continues on the earlier wills. These are searchable by surname.
• Post 1858 Wills. Post-1858 wills can be seen at the:
  District Probate Registry,
  Market Street, Bodmin, PL25 2VW
  Tel 01208 72279 - Overseas +44 1208 72279.
  Information on obtaining post 1858 Wills is available on-line.
• Some Parish and Probate Records of Cornwall are separately available on-line.
• Cornish Probate Records, in PDF format, contain abstracts of over 500 Cornish wills and administrations proved in the Archdeaconry Court of Cornwall, Prerogative Court of Canterbury (PCC), and Royal Deaneary of St Buryan. The records range in date from 1603 to 1847.
• Other Cornish Probate Records are also on-line.
• Information on obtaining Wills in the UK is separately available.
• The 18370nline.com website is a pay-per-view site which provides, inter alia, a number of useful databases including an Index to Death Duty Registers 1796 - 1903. You can register and search by surname for free.

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Public Records

• The London Gazette is the official newspaper of records in England. Several legal notices, including insolvency notices, are required by law to be published in the London Gazette. This site is searchable.

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Religion & Religious Life

• Doctors & Churchmen. Some of those involved as Doctors and Churchmen, are listed.
• Anglican Clergy. 1540 saw the creation of the first of six new (Anglican) dioceses by Henry VIII, and 1835 saw the publication of the Ecclesiastical Duties and Revenues Commission report, which inaugurated the period in which reliable and regularly updated lists of clergy and their livings became available, including Crockford. The Clergy of the Church of England Database (CCED) was established in October 1999. Its objective is to construct a relational database containing the careers of all clergymen of the Church of England between 1540 and 1835.
• Methodism. Information on Methodism in Cornwall is also available. Researchers into Methodism are recommended to contact Gillian Thompson and Paul Brewer, via pbrewer@kernow.net, who have compiled a list of some 800 non-conformist chapels which have existed in Cornwall, and which have been included in the GENUKI Church Database.
• Quakers. Information on the Quakers is available on-line. Another pitfall for researchers can be the unique way the Quakers dated events. They did not use names for days of the week or months of the year since most of these names were derived from the names of pagan gods. Further information on this dating system is also available.

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Schools

Before the Education Act of 1902 the training of teachers was largely carried out under a pupil-teacher system, first established in 1846, but after the Elementa