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The History of Devonshire Scenery

An Essay in Geographical Evolution

by

Arthur W. Clayden, M.A.

Exeter: James G. Commin, London: Chatto & Windus (1906), illus, 278 pp.

Prepared by Michael Steer

The book focuses upon the geology of the County of Devon. Its author (born in 1855) was Principal of the Royal Albert Memorial College, Exeter. It has been "written with a minimum of technical language, with the object of making it suitable for the beginner and the ordinary reader who has no previous knowledge of the subject, but who cares to know how Devonshire came to be what it is". An original (print) copy is held at the University of California Library and was produced from a digital copy that can be downloaded from https://archive.org/details/https://archive.org/details/historyofdevonsh00clayrich
Microsoft (MSN) has sponsored the digitisation of books from several libraries. These books, on which copyright has expired, are available for free educational and research use, both as individual books and as full collections to aid researchers.

CONTENTS,

 

  Page.
ChapterI. Introduction1
 II. The Devonian Rocks of North Devon14
 III. The South Devon Rocks29
 IV. The Culm of Devon41
 V. The Great Upheaval56
 VI. Volcanic Rocks65
 VII. The Dartmoor Granite and Exeter Lavas    77
 VIII. The Salt Lake Period95
 IX. The Age of Reptiles108
 X. The Return of the Sea122
 XI. The Chalk134
 XII. The Plateau Gravels147
 XIII. The Bovey Lake159
 XIV. The Rivers of Devon169
 XV. The Modern Scenery185

 

INDEX

ACID ROCKS, 67, 80
Actinocainax plenus, 139
Agglomerates, volcanic, 80
Alabaster, 103
Alps, upheaval of, 158, 176
Alum Bay, plants, 155
Ammonites, 111
Angulatus, 112
Bucklandi, 112
Planorbis, 111
Rothomagense, 139
Varians, 139
Andesite, 67, 80
Annis' Knob, 135
Anstey's Cove, 37
Ashburton, 165
Ashbrittle. 48, 49
Ashclyst forest, 86
Ashprington, 37
    Volcanic series, 29
Archaean rocks, 3
Armodcan chain, 57
Atlantic, approach of, 146, ooze, 8
Axe, 171, Estuary of, 194
Aylesbeare, 186
Azoic era, 3
BABBACOMBE, 37
Baggy Point, 25
Bagshot Sands, 151
Bampton, 48, 170
Barle, 170
Barnstaple, 48, 169
Barton. 37
Basalt. 67
Exeter, 90
Bathern, 170
Bath Oolites, 116
Beaminster, 117
Beer, 127, 135
    Common. 136
    Cove, 126, 136
Beer Head, 127, 136
Belvidere, 90
Berry Head, 30
Bickleigh Vale, 189
Bideford, 55, 169
Bindon Cliffs, 102, 109, Farm, 185
Bittadon, 169
Bodmin Moor, 30
Bolt tail rocks, 4
Bone bed, 103
Bottor, 74, 192
Bournemouth, 151, 166
    plants, 155
Bovey beds, 159 to 177
    lake basin, 165
    lignite, 159 to 177
Blackdown Greensand, 128
    Hills, 128, 138, 168
Blackgang Chine, 124
Blackpool, 159
Black Venn, 125
Blue Anchor, 112
Blue Lias, 110
Bradiford water, 169
Brampford Speke, 170
Branscombe, 101, 102, 127, 137
Braunton, 25, 169
Bray, 169
Breccias, Permian, 83, 85
Brendon Hills, 85
Brentor, 75, 192
Brice Moor, 168
Bridestowe, 48
Bristol Channel, formation, 178
Brixham limestone, 30
Broad Clyst, 90, 170
Brown Willy, 30, 79
Brushford, 169
Budlake, 90
Budleigh pebbles, 99, 186
    Salterton, 98
Bunter, 97
Burlescombe, 186
CADBURY, 148
Cadeleigh, 170
Caledonian Chain, 16
    volcanoes, 44
Caledonia, lake, 16
Callington, 30
Cambrian rocks, 3, 5
    geography, 5
    volcanoes, 6
Cannington Hill, 47
Capstone Hill, 23
Carbonicola, 55
Carboniferous geography, 49
    limestone, 41-44
    sea floor, 50
    Sea, extent, 52
Carter, 101
Castle Rock, 20, 21
Cenomanian limestone, 135, 140, 145
Chagford, 193
Chalk, 134, 138, 139, 145, 147
    marl, 139
    with quartz grains, 134
Champernowne. 29, 35
Charmouth, 110
Charnwood Forest, 17
Charton Bay, 109
Cherts, abysmal theory of, 50
Cheviot, lake, 16
Chloritic marl, 139
Chudleigh, 49, 53, 161
    Knighton, 159
Church Cliffs, in, 115
Clifford Bridge, 175
Clovelly, 169
Clyst Honiton, 170
Coal measures, 42-45
Cock's Tor, 76
Coddon Hill, 49
Cherts, 52
Colom stream, 169
Columjohn wood, 90
Combe Hill Cross, 162
Combmartin Bay, 22
Concretionary limestone, 96
Corallian oolite, 117
Coral reefs, 38
    limestone, 37
Cornwall, 30
Countisbury, 19
Cowley Bridge, 170, 187
Crediton, 127, 170, 188
Creedy, 87, 173, 174
Cretaceous fauna, 146
Crewkerne, 117
Croyde Bay, 25
Culm, 41
    measures, 45-48
    types of, 53-55
    greenstones, 74
    scenery, 188
Cullompton, 170
Culverhole, 102, 109
DART, 29, 165, 183
    (Cadeleigh), 175
Dartmoor, 49, 63, 78, 79, 80, 127, 193
Dartmouth, 37
Deinosaurs, 118
De la Beche, 35, 53
Denudation, amount of, 193
Deserts, types of, 105
Deutozoic time, 4
Devonian geography, 38
    limestone, 39
    rocks, 18, 19, 35, 40 .
    volcanoes, 39
Devonshire lavas, 73
    rivers, 178
    rocks, compression of, 60
Distribution of sea sediments, 8
Dolerite, 67, 74
Dolomitic Conglomerate, 104
Dorset, Frome, 171
Downes, Rev. W., 128
Drewsteignton, 48
Dulverton, 170
Dunchideock, 90
Dunsford Bridge, 175
EGGESFORD, 55
    grits, 55
Elvans, 81
    with quartz grains, 82
English Channel, formation, 178
Eozoic era, 3
Eocene beds, 150
    geography, 158
    gravels, 150, 151, 154, 157
    river, 173
    surface, 147
    upheaval, 166
Erosion of valleys, 189
Eurypterids, 15
Exe, 127, 170, 175, 194
Exeter, 83, 170
    lavas, 90, 91, 94
Exmoor range, 59
Exmoor scenery, 188
Exmouth, rocks of, 98
FELSITES, 67, 79
Fingle Gorge, 191
Flint rubble, 137, 156
Folding of rocks, 12, 60
Foraminifera, 9, 145
Foreland, 19
Fox, Howard, 7, 47, 49
Fox mould, 126
Frome, 174
GAULT, 124, 125
Geikie, 16, 177, 193
Glacial period, 180
Glaciation, absence of, 181
Glauconite, 123, 128
Godwin-Austen, 35
Goniatites, 47
Grampians, 13
Granite dome of Dartmoor, 63
    in breccias, 89
    scenery, 190
Graptolites, 7
Greensand, 126. 129, 131, 136, 137, 153
HALDON, 83, 127, 148
Hangman grits, 21
Hatherleigh, 169
Haven Cliff, 102, 126
Head, 160
Heathfield, 159, 164
Heavitree breccia, 103
Heer, Dr., 160, 163
Heltor, 82
Hembury Fort. 148
Hennock, 74
Hercynian chain, 57, 58
Hicks, Dr., 24, 59
High Peak, 100, 127
Hinde, 47, 49
Hobson, 90
Holcombe Burnell, 175
    Rogus, 48, 49
Holmead, 91
Holl, 35
Holne Chase, 189
Honiton, 149
Hooken Cliff, 102, 127, 136
Hunstanton, red chalk, 130
ICHTHYOSAURUS, 112
Ide, 89
Ideford, 159
Ilminster, 117
Ilfracombe, 22, 23
Intrusive lavas, 32, 75
Isle of Wight, 120, 123
JUKES-BROWNE, 43, 113, 165
Jurassic erosion, 121
    geography, 121
    rocks, 116
KEUPER, 97
    geography, 105
    lake, end of, 107
    marls, 103
Killerton trachytes, 90, 91
Kimeridge clay, 117
    reptiles, 118
Kingskerswell, 159
Kingsteignton, 37, 161
Knowle Hill, Crediton, 91
LABYRINTHODON, 101
Ladrum Bay. 100
Lakes, Old Red Sandstone, 16
Landslip, Axmouth, 185
Lantern Rock, 22
Lapworth, 5
Launceston, 49
Lavas, 32
Lava reservoir, 72
Lavas in breccias, 92
Lavis, J., 101
Lias, 109, 110
Liassic geography. 113, 114
Lias limestone, 115
Limestones, Devonian, 30
    black, 48
Linton beds, 20
Liskeard, 30
London Clay, 151, 155
Lower Greensand, 123, 124
Loxbeare, 83, 91
Lummaton. 37
Lustleigh. 159
Lydford Gorge, 189
Lyme Cobb, 119
Lyme Regis, no
    deep boring, 88
Lynmouth, 19
Lyonesse, 184
MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE, 95
Man, appearance, 184
    influence, 194
Marshfield, 91
Martin's Rock, 137
Marwood beds, 25
McMahon, 75, 78
Meadfoot Sands, 36
Membury, 168
Mendip Hills, 58
Metamorphic rocks, 4
Midland pebble bed, 99
Milber Down, 159, 162
Millet seed bed, 103
Millstone grit, 44
Miocene changes, 178
Modbury, 30
Monk Okehampton, 172
Morte Point, 23
    slates, 24
Morthoe, 23 169
Mountain building, 11, 12, 57
    limestone, 41
Mullion Island, 7, 8
Murchison, 53
NEW RED ROCKS, 84, 86, 88, 95
Newton Abbot, 37, 160, 165, 194
Nomenclature, geological, 2
North Devon fossils, 20, 22, 25
    range, 59
    rocks, 19, 25
    succession, 26, 28, 59
    syncline, 60
Northernhay, 92
North Tawton, 169
OFFWELL, 168
Okehampton, 48
Okement, 172
Old Red Sandstone, 14-18
Ooze, globigerina, 9
Ordovician geography, 10
    rocks, 5
    subsidence, 10
Otter, 171
Otterton Point, 101
Overlap, 11
Oxford Clay, 117
Paignton, 36, 82
Palaeozoic Era, 4
Paludina, 120
Paper shales, 110
Parret, 171
Peak Hill, 101, 127, 149, 168
Pebble beds indicative of change, 100
Peneplain, 149
Pengelly, 160, 163, 168
Pennine folds, 62, range, 57
Permian climate, 106
    geography, 96
    period, 83, 98
    scenery, 187
Petit Tor, 37
Pickwell Down sands, 25
Pinhay Bay, 110
Pinhoe, battlefield, 149
Pipe clays, 151, 155, 156
Plateau gravels, 147, 153
    scenery, 185
Plesiosaurus. 112
Pliocene climate, 179
    strata, 179
Plymouth, 30. 194
    gravels, 115
    Hoe, 30
    Sound, 36, 37
Pocombe, 90
Peltimore, 90
Portland beds, 118
Posbury stone, 93
Posidonomya, 47, 48
Post-Carboniferous geography, 63
Post-glacial animals, 183
    erosion, 182
Pre-Cambrian rocks, 3
Protozoic time, 5
    upheaval, 13, 14
Pterodactyles, 112
Purbeck beds, 119
    pebbles in gravels, 167
QUANTOCKS, 59, 85
Quartz-porphyry, 92
RADDLING, 86
Raddon, 90
Radiolarian Cherts, 8, 9, 49
Rewe, 170
Red chalk, 130
Reid, Clement, 150, 152, 162, 168
Rhaetic beds, 109
Rhyolites, 67, 79, 81,
Rillage Point, 22
Rivers of Devon, 169
River valleys, persistence of, 175
Roach, 118
Rogers, Inkerman, 55
Rock salt, 104
Rose Ash, 93
Rougemont, 90
Rousdon, no
Rowe, Dr. A., 135
Rutley, 75
ST. CYRES, 174
St. Erth beds, 180
St. Germans, 30
Salcombe, 4
    Regis, 168
Saltash, 30
Salt crystals, fossil, 101
    Lake, causes of, 104
Sampford Peverell, 175
Scandinavian Chain, 13, 16
Seaton, 124, 125, 134
Secondary Era, 97
Sedgwick, 53
Shanklin, 123
Sherborne, C.D., 135
Sidmouth, 100, 101, 102, 127
Silurian rocks, 5
Silverton, 90, 175
South Devon, difficulties, 33
    pressures, 33
    rocks, 29, 31, 35. 37
    range, 62
    scenery, 194
    volcanic rocks, 30, 31, 32, 37
Southdown Cliff, 36
Southmolton Road, 169
Sourton Tors, 76, 79
Solution of rock by lava, 8l
Staple Hill, 162
Starkie Gardner, 163
Stoke Canon, 170
    Fleming, 37
    Hill, 86, 87
TAUNTON, 170
Tavy, 189
Taw, 169, 172
Teall, Dr., 7, 49, 90
Teign, 127, 167
    Valley lavas, 74. 82, 93
Teignmouth, 89
Tertiary animals, 176
Tertiary Era, 149
    geography, 158
    rivers, 173
    upheaval, 147
    volcanoes, 177
Thanet Sands, 150
Thorverton, 90
Tiverton, 83, 170, 188
Tone, 171
Torquay, 82
    limestone, 30
Torridge, 169, 172
Torrington, 169
Torrs Walks, 23
Tors, origin of. 192
Trachyte, 67, 79, 80
Trentishoe, 21
Triassic period, 97
Trilobites, 7
UGBROOKE PARK, 54
Ugborough, 30
Upper Greensand, 125, 132
Unconformability,11
Ussher, 35, 36, 52, 53, 54, 74, 78, 90,98
VALLEY GRAVELS, 181
Venn, 48, 49
Vertical pressure, effect of, 61
Volcanic agglomerate, 76
    areas in S. Devon, 37
    magma, 65
    changes in, 69, 71
    rocks, 65, 69
    alteration of, 68
    classification, 67
    crystallisation, 31, 65
    cycle, 68, 69
    escape of, 31
    extrusions from Dartmoor, 78
    solidification, 32
    texture, 31, 66
WARBERRY HILL, 36
Wareham, 151
Warren, the, 130
Was Tor, 76
Watersmeet, 19
Watchet, 85
    gypsum, 103
Watchet fossils, in
Wealden, 120
    geography, 123
Weald, upheaval, 177
Wenlock Edge, 11
Westleigh, 47, 48, 49, 51
Weymouth, 117
Whimple, 186
White Cliff, 124, 125, 126, 134
White Lias, 109
Winkleigh, 172
Wiveliscombe, 170
Wooda Bay, 21
Woodbury Common, 98, 127, 186
Woolacombe Sands, 25
Woolborough, 161, 162
Woolwich and Reading beds, 150
Worth, R. N., 64, 88, 115
YEALMPTON, 30
Yeo, 169
Yeovil, 174
Yetminster, 174
ZONES IN CHALK, 139, 141, 143
    Lias, 112