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Norfolk: Bodham
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Census: 1821
Bodham is one of the few places in the county for which a census before 1841 containing names survives.
This 1821 Norfolk Record Office document [with the reference PD 347/30] is on 3 sheets of paper.
[Transcription copyright © Mike Bristow]
Census available
Name Index
The following surnames are contained in the document. The numbers following each are the Page numbers which contain one or more occurences of the name.
| Allen (3)
Barrett (3) Bas. (3) Bastard (2,3) Bavers (3) Bircham (3) Bird (3) Bix (3) Bligh (1,2,3) Bowers (2) Brown (3) Burton (2,3) Chasteney (3) Christmas (3) |
Clarke (3)
Dagless (1) Deniley (3) Dew (2) Emery (1) Everitt (2) Fisher (2) Frankland (1) Freeman (3) Gant (3) Good (2) Grand (2) Gray (2) Green (1) |
Grey (3)
Groutt (2) Hopper (1) Hutson (1) Jary (1) Keybon (1,3) Laxen (1) Leman (3) Ling (1) Mayes (1) Massingham (1) Nickolds (1) Overton (1) |
Pane (2)
Penton (2) Pigott (2) Pilch (2) Pincham (2) Pinson (1) Platt (1) Randall (2) Sayers (2) Starling (2,3) Tuck (2) Temple (2) West (2) |
The original document had the following headings spelt out in full. They have been contracted to allow for a clearer display.
- A = "Agriculture"
- T = "Trade"
- N = "Neither" [Trade or Agriculture is this persons occupation]
- F = "Families"
- H = "Houses"
- Head(s) of families follow [not indicated on original]
- First set = Males
- M(ale) I(nfant) = U(nder) 5 years
- 5 = "5 to 10" [years]
- 10 = " 10 to 15"
- 15 = " 15 to 20"
- 20 = " 20 to 30"
- 30 = " 30 to 40"
- 40 = " 40 to 50"
- 50 = " 50 to 60"
- 60 = " 60 to 70"
- 70 = " 70 to 80"
- 80 = " 80 to 90"
- 90 = "90 to 100"
- A column headed "Females" appeared next on the original - this has not been included as it was blank.
- Second set = Females
- F(emale) I(nfant) = U(nder) 5 years
This is followed by the same age range as that under males above.
This contains the following information :-
BODHAM
Population
| Males
Females Total |
141
157 --- 298 |
| A | T | N | F | H | Males | MI
U5 |
5
10 |
10
15 |
15
20 |
20
30 |
30
40 |
40
50 |
50
60 |
60
70 |
70
80 |
80
90 |
90
100 |
FI
U5 |
5
10 |
10
15 |
15
20 |
20
30 |
30
40 |
40
50 |
50
60 |
60
70 |
70
80 |
80
90 |
90
100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Page 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Dagless Danl | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ |
| _ | 1 | _ | 1 | 1 | Dagless Thos | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 2 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Emery Henry | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Emery Geo | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Green John | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Hopper Rob | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 2 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Hopper Will | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 2 | 2 | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Hutson Geo [Crossed Out] | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Frankland H | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Jary Thos | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 2 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Keybon Wid}
in house with E. Bligh} |
_ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | (House Empty) | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Laxen Peter | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 3 | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Ling Abr. | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Mayes Robt | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Massingham | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 2 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Nickolds Rob | 2 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Nickolds Hen | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 2 | 2 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| pt | pt | _ | 1 | 1 | Overton R | _ | _ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 2 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Pinson Saml | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | 1 | _ | 1 | 1 | Platt | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 16 | 2 | _ | 18 | 18 | - | 7 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 2 | _ | _ | _ | 11 | 13 | 11 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1 | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Page 1
Total (M) = 47 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Page 1
Total (F) = 61 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Page 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | _ | _ | 2 | 1 | Pane Will & J.Dew | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | 1 | 2 | 1 | Penton J & Burton | 1 | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 2 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Pigott John | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | 1 | _ | 1 | 1 | Pilch John | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | 1 | _ | 2 | 1 | Pincham John & }
Bowers Wid} |
1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 2 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Randall Jas | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Bastard Phoebe}
in house with Bligh} |
_ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Randall Clemt | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Sayers James | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 2 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | |
| 1 | 1 | _ | 2 | 1 | Starling Thos}
Bastard} |
_ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ |
| 1 | 1 | _ | 2 | 1 | Starling Sim & S Tuck | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Temple John | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Tuck John | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | 0 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Tuck Sarah [Crossed Out] | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | 1 | 1 | 1 | West Isaac | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Good | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | 1 | _ | 1 | 1 | Grand John | 2 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 2 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 2 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Gray Robt | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Groutt S | 2 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | 1 | _ | 1 | 1 | Fisher | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 0 | _ | 0 | _ | _ | _ | 0 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | 1 | 1 | 1 | Everitt Wid. | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| 15 | 3 | 6 | 24 | 19 | - | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | _ | _ | 6 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Page 2
Total (M) = 46 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Page 2
Total (F) = 42 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [Page 3 follows] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Allen Phil | _ | _ | 2 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Barrett Wm | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Bastard H
Less 2 in house with Tho Starling |
_ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | 1 | 1 | 1 | Bastard H Junr | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Bavers J | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Bavers Geo | 1 | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Bavers Ed | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Bavers Wid.}
at Binham} |
2 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 0 | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Bird Geo | 2 | _ | _ | 2 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Bird John [Crossed Out] | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Bircham | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 2 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Wm. Grey | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Bix David | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | 1 | 1 | 1 | Bligh Jer | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Bligh Leman | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 2 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | 4 | 4 | 1 | Bligh {Keybon
Eliz {Phebe Bas. {Burton |
_ | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Brown J Sen | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Brown J Jun | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 2 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Burton Soldr. Wife | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 2 | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Burton Widow
in house with E. Bligh |
_ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Clarke John | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | 1 | 1 | 1 | Chasteney Wid | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | 1 | 1 | Christmas Wm | _ | 1 | 1 | 1 | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | 0 | _ | _ | _ | 0 | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | 1 | 1 | _ | Deniley Robt | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ |
| 1 | _ | 1 | 2 | 1 | {Freeman R
{Freeman S |
_ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ |
| 1 | _ | _ | _ | 1 | Gant Jas | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | 1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Grey Wm [Crossed Out] | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 15 | 1 | 9 | 25 | 21 | - | 8 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | _ | 11 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | _ |
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Page 3
Total (M) = 48 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | Page 3
Total (F) = 54 |
[Other Notes on pages]
1821 1794 ---- 27 P3 15 1 9 25 21 [see Notes] P2 15 3 6 24 19 [see Notes] P1 16 2 0 18 18 46 6 15 67 58 1821 Bodham Ages of males from Parish 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 to to to to to to to to to to to 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Total Page1 7 4 5 6 6 7 4 6 2 - - 47 7 5 6 5 7 3 3 5 4 1 - 46 8 7 6 4 4 8 5 0 4 1 1 48 ------------------------------------------ 22 16 17 15 17 18 12 11 10 2 1 Total Males 141 Females Page 1 -------- 61 42 Total Females 157 54 --- Total Persons 298 Females u F d T d F d T d T d F d F d S d S d E d N n i o e o i o w o h o o o i o i o e o i o i d v n f e i r f x v g n e e t n r t t t e h e r e t t y y y n t t e y y t y y n y Page 1 11 13 11 4 5 4 8 3 1 1 - 61 Page 2 8 6 4 4 4 3 3 5 4 1 - 42 page 3 11 3 7 5 7 7 4 2 5 2 1 54 30 22 22 13 16 14 15 10 10 4 1 157
| Males upwds of 20 | 19
16 19 -- 54 |
Barratt has a cottage empty
Emery a house and building.
[End of Census Document]
Notes
- All shorthand contractions in the document have been reproduced as written.
- Whites 1845 directory gives a population of 292.
- In the first 5 columns a "pt" indicates partly employed in each.
- In the section headed "[Other Notes on pages]"
- In the first table under under P3 and P2 the following numbers appear to have been entered incorrectly in the original-
P3 15 1 9 25 21 [15 1? 9 23? 21?]
P2 15 3 6 24 19 [15 3? 6? ..] - In the tables of Females under "Page 2" columns ie. "8 6" have been transposed by the enumerator from the tables above.
- In the first table under under P3 and P2 the following numbers appear to have been entered incorrectly in the original-
See also the Bodham parish page and the main Census page
These pages are for personal use only. They may not be copied, and the links within them may not be harvested for use on your own web pages. Please see the Copyright Notice.
Copyright © Mike Bristow.
January 2002