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The History of Devonshire Scenery
An Essay in Geographical Evolution
by
Arthur W. Clayden, M.A.
Exeter: James G. Commin, London: Chatto & Windus (1906), illus, 278 pp.
Prepared by Michael Steer
The book focuses upon the geology of the County of Devon. Its author (born in 1855) was Principal of the Royal Albert Memorial College, Exeter. It has been "written with a minimum of technical language, with the object of making it suitable for the beginner and the ordinary reader who has no previous knowledge of the subject, but who cares to know how Devonshire came to be what it is". An original (print) copy is held at the University of California Library and was produced from a digital copy that can be downloaded from https://archive.org/details/https://archive.org/details/historyofdevonsh00clayrich
Microsoft (MSN) has sponsored the digitisation of books from several libraries. These books, on which copyright has expired, are available for free educational and research use, both as individual books and as full collections to aid researchers.
CONTENTS,
Page. | ||
Chapter | I. Introduction | 1 |
II. The Devonian Rocks of North Devon | 14 | |
III. The South Devon Rocks | 29 | |
IV. The Culm of Devon | 41 | |
V. The Great Upheaval | 56 | |
VI. Volcanic Rocks | 65 | |
VII. The Dartmoor Granite and Exeter Lavas | 77 | |
VIII. The Salt Lake Period | 95 | |
IX. The Age of Reptiles | 108 | |
X. The Return of the Sea | 122 | |
XI. The Chalk | 134 | |
XII. The Plateau Gravels | 147 | |
XIII. The Bovey Lake | 159 | |
XIV. The Rivers of Devon | 169 | |
XV. The Modern Scenery | 185 |
INDEX
ACID ROCKS, 67, 80 Actinocainax plenus, 139 Agglomerates, volcanic, 80 Alabaster, 103 Alps, upheaval of, 158, 176 Alum Bay, plants, 155 Ammonites, 111 Angulatus, 112 Bucklandi, 112 Planorbis, 111 Rothomagense, 139 Varians, 139 Andesite, 67, 80 Annis' Knob, 135 Anstey's Cove, 37 Ashburton, 165 Ashbrittle. 48, 49 Ashclyst forest, 86 Ashprington, 37 Volcanic series, 29 Archaean rocks, 3 Armodcan chain, 57 Atlantic, approach of, 146, ooze, 8 Axe, 171, Estuary of, 194 Aylesbeare, 186 Azoic era, 3 BABBACOMBE, 37 Baggy Point, 25 Bagshot Sands, 151 Bampton, 48, 170 Barle, 170 Barnstaple, 48, 169 Barton. 37 Basalt. 67 Exeter, 90 Bathern, 170 Bath Oolites, 116 Beaminster, 117 Beer, 127, 135 Common. 136 Cove, 126, 136 Beer Head, 127, 136 Belvidere, 90 Berry Head, 30 Bickleigh Vale, 189 Bideford, 55, 169 Bindon Cliffs, 102, 109, Farm, 185 Bittadon, 169 Bodmin Moor, 30 Bolt tail rocks, 4 Bone bed, 103 Bottor, 74, 192 Bournemouth, 151, 166 plants, 155 Bovey beds, 159 to 177 lake basin, 165 lignite, 159 to 177 Blackdown Greensand, 128 Hills, 128, 138, 168 Blackgang Chine, 124 Blackpool, 159 Black Venn, 125 Blue Anchor, 112 Blue Lias, 110 Bradiford water, 169 Brampford Speke, 170 Branscombe, 101, 102, 127, 137 Braunton, 25, 169 Bray, 169 Breccias, Permian, 83, 85 Brendon Hills, 85 Brentor, 75, 192 Brice Moor, 168 Bridestowe, 48 Bristol Channel, formation, 178 Brixham limestone, 30 Broad Clyst, 90, 170 Brown Willy, 30, 79 Brushford, 169 Budlake, 90 Budleigh pebbles, 99, 186 Salterton, 98 Bunter, 97 Burlescombe, 186 CADBURY, 148 Cadeleigh, 170 Caledonian Chain, 16 volcanoes, 44 Caledonia, lake, 16 Callington, 30 Cambrian rocks, 3, 5 geography, 5 volcanoes, 6 Cannington Hill, 47 Capstone Hill, 23 Carbonicola, 55 Carboniferous geography, 49 limestone, 41-44 sea floor, 50 Sea, extent, 52 Carter, 101 Castle Rock, 20, 21 Cenomanian limestone, 135, 140, 145 Chagford, 193 Chalk, 134, 138, 139, 145, 147 marl, 139 with quartz grains, 134 Champernowne. 29, 35 Charmouth, 110 Charnwood Forest, 17 Charton Bay, 109 Cherts, abysmal theory of, 50 Cheviot, lake, 16 Chloritic marl, 139 Chudleigh, 49, 53, 161 Knighton, 159 Church Cliffs, in, 115 Clifford Bridge, 175 Clovelly, 169 Clyst Honiton, 170 Coal measures, 42-45 Cock's Tor, 76 Coddon Hill, 49 Cherts, 52 Colom stream, 169 Columjohn wood, 90 Combe Hill Cross, 162 Combmartin Bay, 22 Concretionary limestone, 96 Corallian oolite, 117 Coral reefs, 38 limestone, 37 Cornwall, 30 Countisbury, 19 Cowley Bridge, 170, 187 Crediton, 127, 170, 188 Creedy, 87, 173, 174 Cretaceous fauna, 146 Crewkerne, 117 Croyde Bay, 25 Culm, 41 measures, 45-48 types of, 53-55 greenstones, 74 scenery, 188 Cullompton, 170 Culverhole, 102, 109 DART, 29, 165, 183 (Cadeleigh), 175 Dartmoor, 49, 63, 78, 79, 80, 127, 193 Dartmouth, 37 Deinosaurs, 118 De la Beche, 35, 53 Denudation, amount of, 193 Deserts, types of, 105 Deutozoic time, 4 Devonian geography, 38 limestone, 39 rocks, 18, 19, 35, 40 . volcanoes, 39 Devonshire lavas, 73 rivers, 178 rocks, compression of, 60 Distribution of sea sediments, 8 Dolerite, 67, 74 Dolomitic Conglomerate, 104 Dorset, Frome, 171 Downes, Rev. W., 128 Drewsteignton, 48 Dulverton, 170 Dunchideock, 90 Dunsford Bridge, 175 EGGESFORD, 55 grits, 55 Elvans, 81 with quartz grains, 82 English Channel, formation, 178 Eozoic era, 3 Eocene beds, 150 geography, 158 gravels, 150, 151, 154, 157 river, 173 surface, 147 upheaval, 166 Erosion of valleys, 189 Eurypterids, 15 Exe, 127, 170, 175, 194 Exeter, 83, 170 lavas, 90, 91, 94 Exmoor range, 59 Exmoor scenery, 188 Exmouth, rocks of, 98 FELSITES, 67, 79 Fingle Gorge, 191 Flint rubble, 137, 156 Folding of rocks, 12, 60 Foraminifera, 9, 145 Foreland, 19 Fox, Howard, 7, 47, 49 Fox mould, 126 Frome, 174 GAULT, 124, 125 Geikie, 16, 177, 193 Glacial period, 180 Glaciation, absence of, 181 Glauconite, 123, 128 Godwin-Austen, 35 Goniatites, 47 Grampians, 13 Granite dome of Dartmoor, 63 in breccias, 89 scenery, 190 Graptolites, 7 Greensand, 126. 129, 131, 136, 137, 153 HALDON, 83, 127, 148 Hangman grits, 21 Hatherleigh, 169 Haven Cliff, 102, 126 Head, 160 Heathfield, 159, 164 Heavitree breccia, 103 Heer, Dr., 160, 163 Heltor, 82 Hembury Fort. 148 Hennock, 74 Hercynian chain, 57, 58 Hicks, Dr., 24, 59 High Peak, 100, 127 Hinde, 47, 49 Hobson, 90 Holcombe Burnell, 175 Rogus, 48, 49 Holmead, 91 Holl, 35 Holne Chase, 189 Honiton, 149 Hooken Cliff, 102, 127, 136 Hunstanton, red chalk, 130 ICHTHYOSAURUS, 112 Ide, 89 Ideford, 159 Ilminster, 117 Ilfracombe, 22, 23 Intrusive lavas, 32, 75 Isle of Wight, 120, 123 JUKES-BROWNE, 43, 113, 165 Jurassic erosion, 121 geography, 121 rocks, 116 KEUPER, 97 geography, 105 lake, end of, 107 marls, 103 Killerton trachytes, 90, 91 Kimeridge clay, 117 reptiles, 118 | Kingskerswell, 159 Kingsteignton, 37, 161 Knowle Hill, Crediton, 91 LABYRINTHODON, 101 Ladrum Bay. 100 Lakes, Old Red Sandstone, 16 Landslip, Axmouth, 185 Lantern Rock, 22 Lapworth, 5 Launceston, 49 Lavas, 32 Lava reservoir, 72 Lavas in breccias, 92 Lavis, J., 101 Lias, 109, 110 Liassic geography. 113, 114 Lias limestone, 115 Limestones, Devonian, 30 black, 48 Linton beds, 20 Liskeard, 30 London Clay, 151, 155 Lower Greensand, 123, 124 Loxbeare, 83, 91 Lummaton. 37 Lustleigh. 159 Lydford Gorge, 189 Lyme Cobb, 119 Lyme Regis, no deep boring, 88 Lynmouth, 19 Lyonesse, 184 MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE, 95 Man, appearance, 184 influence, 194 Marshfield, 91 Martin's Rock, 137 Marwood beds, 25 McMahon, 75, 78 Meadfoot Sands, 36 Membury, 168 Mendip Hills, 58 Metamorphic rocks, 4 Midland pebble bed, 99 Milber Down, 159, 162 Millet seed bed, 103 Millstone grit, 44 Miocene changes, 178 Modbury, 30 Monk Okehampton, 172 Morte Point, 23 slates, 24 Morthoe, 23 169 Mountain building, 11, 12, 57 limestone, 41 Mullion Island, 7, 8 Murchison, 53 NEW RED ROCKS, 84, 86, 88, 95 Newton Abbot, 37, 160, 165, 194 Nomenclature, geological, 2 North Devon fossils, 20, 22, 25 range, 59 rocks, 19, 25 succession, 26, 28, 59 syncline, 60 Northernhay, 92 North Tawton, 169 OFFWELL, 168 Okehampton, 48 Okement, 172 Old Red Sandstone, 14-18 Ooze, globigerina, 9 Ordovician geography, 10 rocks, 5 subsidence, 10 Otter, 171 Otterton Point, 101 Overlap, 11 Oxford Clay, 117 Paignton, 36, 82 Palaeozoic Era, 4 Paludina, 120 Paper shales, 110 Parret, 171 Peak Hill, 101, 127, 149, 168 Pebble beds indicative of change, 100 Peneplain, 149 Pengelly, 160, 163, 168 Pennine folds, 62, range, 57 Permian climate, 106 geography, 96 period, 83, 98 scenery, 187 Petit Tor, 37 Pickwell Down sands, 25 Pinhay Bay, 110 Pinhoe, battlefield, 149 Pipe clays, 151, 155, 156 Plateau gravels, 147, 153 scenery, 185 Plesiosaurus. 112 Pliocene climate, 179 strata, 179 Plymouth, 30. 194 gravels, 115 Hoe, 30 Sound, 36, 37 Pocombe, 90 Peltimore, 90 Portland beds, 118 Posbury stone, 93 Posidonomya, 47, 48 Post-Carboniferous geography, 63 Post-glacial animals, 183 erosion, 182 Pre-Cambrian rocks, 3 Protozoic time, 5 upheaval, 13, 14 Pterodactyles, 112 Purbeck beds, 119 pebbles in gravels, 167 QUANTOCKS, 59, 85 Quartz-porphyry, 92 RADDLING, 86 Raddon, 90 Radiolarian Cherts, 8, 9, 49 Rewe, 170 Red chalk, 130 Reid, Clement, 150, 152, 162, 168 Rhaetic beds, 109 Rhyolites, 67, 79, 81, Rillage Point, 22 Rivers of Devon, 169 River valleys, persistence of, 175 Roach, 118 Rogers, Inkerman, 55 Rock salt, 104 Rose Ash, 93 Rougemont, 90 Rousdon, no Rowe, Dr. A., 135 Rutley, 75 ST. CYRES, 174 St. Erth beds, 180 St. Germans, 30 Salcombe, 4 Regis, 168 Saltash, 30 Salt crystals, fossil, 101 Lake, causes of, 104 Sampford Peverell, 175 Scandinavian Chain, 13, 16 Seaton, 124, 125, 134 Secondary Era, 97 Sedgwick, 53 Shanklin, 123 Sherborne, C.D., 135 Sidmouth, 100, 101, 102, 127 Silurian rocks, 5 Silverton, 90, 175 South Devon, difficulties, 33 pressures, 33 rocks, 29, 31, 35. 37 range, 62 scenery, 194 volcanic rocks, 30, 31, 32, 37 Southdown Cliff, 36 Southmolton Road, 169 Sourton Tors, 76, 79 Solution of rock by lava, 8l Staple Hill, 162 Starkie Gardner, 163 Stoke Canon, 170 Fleming, 37 Hill, 86, 87 TAUNTON, 170 Tavy, 189 Taw, 169, 172 Teall, Dr., 7, 49, 90 Teign, 127, 167 Valley lavas, 74. 82, 93 Teignmouth, 89 Tertiary animals, 176 Tertiary Era, 149 geography, 158 rivers, 173 upheaval, 147 volcanoes, 177 Thanet Sands, 150 Thorverton, 90 Tiverton, 83, 170, 188 Tone, 171 Torquay, 82 limestone, 30 Torridge, 169, 172 Torrington, 169 Torrs Walks, 23 Tors, origin of. 192 Trachyte, 67, 79, 80 Trentishoe, 21 Triassic period, 97 Trilobites, 7 UGBROOKE PARK, 54 Ugborough, 30 Upper Greensand, 125, 132 Unconformability,11 Ussher, 35, 36, 52, 53, 54, 74, 78, 90,98 VALLEY GRAVELS, 181 Venn, 48, 49 Vertical pressure, effect of, 61 Volcanic agglomerate, 76 areas in S. Devon, 37 magma, 65 changes in, 69, 71 rocks, 65, 69 alteration of, 68 classification, 67 crystallisation, 31, 65 cycle, 68, 69 escape of, 31 extrusions from Dartmoor, 78 solidification, 32 texture, 31, 66 WARBERRY HILL, 36 Wareham, 151 Warren, the, 130 Was Tor, 76 Watersmeet, 19 Watchet, 85 gypsum, 103 Watchet fossils, in Wealden, 120 geography, 123 Weald, upheaval, 177 Wenlock Edge, 11 Westleigh, 47, 48, 49, 51 Weymouth, 117 Whimple, 186 White Cliff, 124, 125, 126, 134 White Lias, 109 Winkleigh, 172 Wiveliscombe, 170 Wooda Bay, 21 Woodbury Common, 98, 127, 186 Woolacombe Sands, 25 Woolborough, 161, 162 Woolwich and Reading beds, 150 Worth, R. N., 64, 88, 115 YEALMPTON, 30 Yeo, 169 Yeovil, 174 Yetminster, 174 ZONES IN CHALK, 139, 141, 143 Lias, 112 |